The Civil War And The First Modern War - 1632 Words

The Civil War clash is often remembered for the carnage caused when army tactics failed to load rifles and muskets, and the tantalizing scene of lost and submerged warships. The revolutionary introduction of ships and railroad networks were just developing at the same time. Day after day, more cadavers lay under the scorching sun than any other life time. People fought everything they had, until nothing but the remains were left. From that era onwards, technology evolved, which provided us with abundant quantities of everything. Historians mostly agreed that the Civil War was the first modern war; the first in which technological strength played a huge role. However, technology also differentiated the two sides in war, with different†¦show more content†¦Weaponry plays a very large role in the war. While the soldiers were on their last legs, the nation decided to set foot and make a decision to improve the industry. The most common problem faced by all soldiers was the load ing of guns. Soldiers typically carried guns that held one bullet at a time. A soldier who was trying to aim and shoot the target would have to stand much closer, as the weapon’s range was only about 80 yards. Hence, battles were fought relatively at a closer range. Rifles, were used for long range shooting, and were very accurate as the bullet could travel up to 1,000 yards. However, it was impossible to use the guns in battle since it took a very long time to load. Fed up with the trouble caused with the guns, Captain Henri Gustave Delvigne and Claude Etienee Minnie developed a cone shaped lead bullet called, â€Å"Minnie Balls†. When fired, the bullet expanded, and the lead would grip tightly against spiraled rifling groves. This would take a spin on the elongated bullet, leaving the muzzle at a higher velocity and following an accurate trajectory causing it to travel three-four times farther. The innovation of the rifle and Minnie Ball were just a few of the hund reds of weaponry inventions. Weapons fell under three categories—small arms, artillery, and edged weapons. These were developed after the society wanted to see a difference in the nation. They were placed under these categories based on their caliber (size of the

English Is Fun Free Essays

As cities become bigger and cars less expensive, the numbers of automobiles on the road are likely to increase, worsening the problem of traffic congestion. As more people move to the edge of town and cities, traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drive their cars into the city centre to get work. We will write a custom essay sample on English Is Fun or any similar topic only for you Order Now To address this, governments need to ensure that there are fewer cars on the roads, but individuals must do their part in support of official measures. There are three ways to reduce traffic congestion which is by improving the road infrastructure, car pooling and awareness campaign. The first way that is suitable to take an action is by improving the road infrastructure. In this case, the government should take part which is they have to built an alternative ways or road. This is because there are many people that used the same road in every day especially in a big city. By adding the alternative road, the user can choose either one of road that they want to use. It can make the road become less crowded and the traffic congestion can be reduced. Besides that, wider the size of line at the road. For example, from two line become three line. When the roads are become bigger, all the vehicle can move smoothly. Improving the road infrastructure can help to reduce the traffic congestion’s problem in a big cities. Secondly, the ways to reduce traffic congestion is carpooling or sharing car with friend. Nobody likes to sit in traffic. By car pooling, you’re doing your part to reduce the number of cars on the road. The more people who make that choice, the less traffic congestion there will be. People in big cities like Kuala Lumpur is more prefer using their own car. Imagine that if there are have 50 000 people, it is mean there are have 50 000 car or transport on the road. It will affect the bad problem on the road like traffic congestion. If we sharing car with friends or carpooling, it will decrease an amount of car or transport on the road and can reduce this problem. Make sure during we are sharing car, we must to maximum people at least 4 until 5 person in car or more than one based on type of car. Other than that, with using this alternative, the time will not wasting and also decrease the air pollution because there are a few car and transport were used and produce less of smoke. Take for example, we are going to work by sharing car with our neighbours and friends, so that the traffic congestion problem can we avoid because only a few of them are use car. Thus, carpooling or sharing car with friend is the way to reduce traffic congestion. One of the way to solve the traffic congestion is to organize the awareness campaign. A traffic jam may cause people waste a lot of time if the condition is worst and eventually ended up with late to work or to school. So, is very important for society to put in mind that to plan their time when they got out effectively to avoid by getting stuck in the middle in the road. A worker should choose to go to earlier or walk to the workplace if possible. In conclusion, improving the road infrastructure, car pooling and awareness campaign are the three ways to reduce the traffic congestion’s problem in the big cities. Only by the combination of government policy and the acceptance by individuals of the responsibility for the problems related to the increasing number of cars in cities, can help to reduce this problem from keep happen. It is when individuals make a commitment to change that policy measures can be effectively implemented. How to cite English Is Fun, Essay examples

Research Proposal Smart Government in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Research Proposal for Smart Government in Australia. Answer: Introduction: The Internet of things is defined as that particular system, consisting of interconnected computer devices, computer experts and digital and mechanical components (each provided with unique identifiers), that assists in the transmission of enterprise data over the wired networks. One of the most important characteristics of the internet of things is that the entire transmission process is conducted without any human interaction (Wortmann and Flchter 2015). This report provides an insight into the research study that would be conducted with the aim of revealing how the Internet of Things can be successfully utilized for the formation of smart government in Australia. Research Aim: The proposed research work, being discussed in this report, is aimed at revealing the manner in which the Internet of things can be utilized for developing a smart government system in Australia. It is a well known fact that the organizations that include information and communication system processes in their operational activities need to implement mechanisms for ensuring the security of the data stored in the systems. Thus, the research work being discussed in the report would also consider the identification of strategies that would be useful in avoiding attacks (specifically that of ransomware and attacks on the physical components of the ICT systems) that might be launched on the smart systems to be utilized by the government. Research Objectives: Researchers Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault (2015) are of the opinion that identification of the research objectives facilitates the process of identifying the sub-divisions of the research domain that would be emphasized on. The primary objectives of the research work being discussed are: To identify the IOT techniques and procedures that can be utilized for running a smart government in Australia. To estimate the extent to which the inclusion of the IOT techniques would be effective for running a smart government in Australia. To identify the strategies and techniques that can be utilized for protecting the components of the smart systems from several cyber attacks, including ransomewares. Research Questions: According to researchers Silverman (2016)the formation of research questions helps in the identification of the particular area on which the research work should emphasize on. The researchers are also of the opinion that setting up the research questions also provides a structure to the entire study. The research study being discussed in this report would be aimed at finding the answers to the following questions: Which of the IOT techniques and procedures that can be utilized for running a smart government in Australia? To what extent the inclusion of the IOT techniques would be effective for running a smart government in Australia? Which specific strategies and technique can be utilized for protecting the components of the smart systems from several cyber attacks, including ransomewares? Background of the Topic: Researchers Gubbi et al. (2013) are of the opinion, that smart governance is basically the utilization of innovative strategies, technological tools, business policies and regulations for finding solutions to the different economical, operational and financial challenges that a business enterprise faces. According to Jimnez et al. (2014), smart governance policies essentially rely on information and communication systems for providing optimum solutions the business enterprises. Researchers Shujin and Mei (2015) are of the opinion that in the last couple of years, the growth of various internet based technologies have been boosted largely by the incorporation of the same in various private sectors. In fact, the authors have claimed that private banking, private healthcare and retail are some of those private sectors that have started taking the advantages of the Internet of Things in the most optimum manner. However, researcher Cid (2015) has pointed out the fact the government agencies are yet to utilize the advantages of such systems. Summary: The discussion made in the sections above indicate that the proposed research work would primarily be focused on the identification of the IOT tools and techniques that can be used for the running a smart government in Australia. The aim and objective of the research work has been documented in this chapter, besides setting the research questions. The consecutive sections of the report would emphasize on the reviewing existing literary works and discussing the methods to be utilized in conducting the research work. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: Cybercrime is such a crime that involves a network as well as a computer. The Computer can have been utilized in a crime commission or it can also be the target (Britz 2012). Therefore, this particular section of the literature review mainly aims to illustrate and to provide the detailed overviews on the ransomware, Internet of Things, Physical Attack as well as Smart Government in the context of the topic of this study. Ransomware: Ransomware is referred to a computer malware that is capable of covertly installing as well as executing a crypto-virology attack on the computer of the victim (McGuire and Dowling 2013). This crypto-virology attack can affect it adversely as well as requires a random payment in terms of restoring it (Costin et al. 2013). The simple ransomware can lock the system in such a manner that is not hard for a person who has enough knowledge for displaying as well as reversing a message by requesting payment for unlocking it (Summers et al. 2014). The files of the victim can be encrypted by the more advanced malware by making them accessible as well as demands a rapid payment for decrypting them. Ransomware can also encrypt the entire hard drive or the Master File Table of the computer (Savage, Coogan and Lau 2015). Therefore, Ransomware is a DoS attack, which is the abbreviation of Denial-of-access attack, which prevents the users of computer from accessing the files, as it is intractable f or decrypting the files without the key of decryption (Stone 2015). This particular malware attacks are carried out typically by utilizing Trojan that has a payload, which is disguised as a justifiable file (Choi, Scott and LeClair 2016). Way of Spreading Ransomware The common way through which this kind malware spreads is through the emails. A user typically receives a spam email that can be looked genuine (Moon and Chang 2016). The message prompts the users for downloading an attachment at the time of opening the email as well as the attachment can contain malware (Kim and Kim 2015). This malware can affect the computer by taking an advantage of the vulnerability of the network. The home networks as well as the public networks are few of the most vulnerable (Kirda 2015). The ransomware can finally infect the system while the user of that particular computer visits a compromised website (Xia et al. 2012). Such websites with high risks incorporate those along with the pornography as well as gaming. Categorization of Ransomware Ransomware is taken place in two general forms such as the non-encrypting as well as encrypting ransomware (Savage, Coogan and Lau 2015). There are few variations of ransomware within those two general forms of ransomware. These are as follows: MBR Ransomware MBR is the abbreviation of the Master Root Record. It is one of the worst kinds of this type of malware (Stone 2015). It can easily affect the boot process, preventing the attempts effectively at the removal in addition to the locking out the user from the system. File encrypting ransomware This particular categorization of ransomware comes loaded with the algorithms of encryption (Choi, Scott and LeClair 2016). These algorithms can encrypt the data of the users system by making unusable as well as inaccessible (Moon and Chang 2016). A ransom note towards the user wants payment for decrypting the files (Savage, Coogan and Lau 2015). Scareware Such a ransomware works to scare the computer users in terms of paying money in order to unlock the system (Kim and Kim 2015). The common technique is for locking the system as well as for displaying a message by advising that the user has committed a cybercrime involving child pornography or fraud (Kirda 2015). This message asserts to be from the authority of the enforcement of law like FBI. This message also needs the users for paying a specific sum of money online (Choi, Scott and LeClair 2016). SMS Ransomware This non-encrypting ransomware, which was initially popular in Russia, locks the computer system (Stone 2015). Therefore, it shows a message by requiring the user send a premium message for receiving a code, which is unlocked. Internet of Things: The Internet of Things is the network of the buildings, vehicles, physical devices as well as the other items, which are embedded with the network connectivity, actuators, sensors, software and electronics that can make enable these objects for collecting and exchanging data (Xia et al. 2012). The Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things is defined as the Information Societys infrastructure (Wortmann and Flchter 2015). The Internet of Things permits the objects to be controlled as well as sensed remotely over the existing infrastructure of the network, by implementing the scopes for more direct association of the physical world into the systems, which are based on computers (Gubbi et al. 2013). The Internet of Things also results in the improvement in the economic benefits, accuracy as well as efficiency (Perera et al., 2014). While the Internet of Things is augmented with the actuators as well as sensors, the technology becomes an instance of the more generalized cyber-phys ical systems class that also encompasses the technologies like the smart cities, intelligent transportation, smart homes as well as the smart grids (Miorandi et al. 2012). Application of Internet of Things Media the internet of things can make a scope for analyzing, collecting as well as measuring an ever-enhancing variance in the behavioral statistics (Xia et al. 2012). This datas cross-correlation could revolutionize the targeted marketing of the services as well as products. Data is the major device interconnectivity conjunction from the media perspective whilst being important in permitting more accuracy in making target (Wortmann and Flchter 2015). Thus, the Internet of things can transform the companies, media as well as governments by opening up a new era of the competitiveness and economic development (Miorandi et al. 2012). Environmental monitoring the applications in regards to the environmental monitoring of the Internet of things utilize typically the sensors for assisting in the environmental protection by monitoring water quality, soil or atmospheric conditions (Perera et al., 2014). These applications can also incorporate the areas such as monitoring the wildlife movements and their habitats. Infrastructure Management Controlling as well as monitoring operations of the rural as well as urban infrastructures like the on- and offshore-wind-farms and railway tracks is the major application of the Internet of Things (Xia et al. 2012). Manufacturing Network management and control of situation and asset management and manufacturing equipment bring the Internet of Things within the realm on the smart manufacturing and industrial applications as well (Wortmann and Flchter 2015). Energy Management Integration of the actuation and sensing systems connected to the internet is likely for optimizing the energy consumption as a whole (Turner et al. 2014). It can be expected that the Internet of Things devices would be integrated into all sorts of the devices of consuming energy as well as be capable of communicating with the utility supply organization in terms of effectively balancing the energy usage and power generation. Home and Building Automation The Internet of things devices can assist the integration of the information procession,, control as well as communications over several systems of transportation (Miorandi et al. 2012). The IoT application extends to all of the contexts of the systems of transportation. Physical Attack: The physical attack in the cyber security is nothing but a significant crime, which is mainly taken place with the help of the physical attempt to create vulnerabilities to the computer security. Therefore, a particular surface is also required in order to create a physical attack to the data in computer system of a specific user (Rid and Buchanan 2015). The surface of the physical attack is the totality of the vulnerabilities in the security for the users data in a given computer system those are present to an attacker in the similar location as the target. The surface of the physical attack to the computer system is exploitable across the threats like the social engineering intruders as well as ploys as well as rogue employees posing as the service employees especially in the public enterprises. As per the physical attack, the external threats incorporate the retrieval of the password from carelessly discarded passwords as well as hardware on the physical break-ins as well as the sticky notes. On the other hand, the physical access in terms of creating security vulnerabilities is a very direct surface of attack. An intruder can download or steal the details from the entire drive as well as extract the data those are in target at the later time, perhaps overcome the encryption with the potential CPUs or the GPCPU or the computing of General Purpose CPUs (Rid and Buchanan 2015). An physical attacker can only damage the equipments physically if the objective is merely for blocking the access or interrupting operations. The best approach to reduce the physical attack incorporate the enforcement of the secure authentication, by zeroing the hard drives before throwing out the old hard drives as well as refraining from leaving the details those are exploitable like the password reminders of sticky notes in the physical environment (Miorandi et al. 2012). Smart government: The smart government can be demonstrated as the capability off the government of the countries all over the world for understanding the unstated as well as stated requirements of the customers, visitors, residents or citizens; designing solutions for addressing those requirements and delivering the solution in an effective manner (Chourabi et al. 2012). The design of a set of processes of business as well as the underlying capabilities of Information Technology that can make enable the information for seemingly flowing across the government programs and agencies for becoming intuitive in order to provide high quality citizen services over all the activity domains and government programs. Transcending from the Open to the Smart Government for better serving the citizens The smart government maturity model should focus upon few major factors. These are as follows: The participation of thee citizens in the governmental business The enterprises are needed for engaging the public for enhancing decisions through the widely dispersed knowledge as well as enhance the public participation in government (Kirda 2015). Transparency of information in government the enterprises are needed for using technology for putting details regarding the decisions of the agency as well as agency operations online and in forums present to the public. Collaboration over the government entities for delivering better services of citizen Enterprises are needed for utilizing the innovative systems, methods and innovative tools for cooperating over all of the government levels as well as engaging the public in their government work. Smart City The Smart city is the vision of the urban development in terms of integrating several solution of ICT as well as Internet of things in a secured manner for managing the assets of the city. The city assets incorporate but are not limited to the information systems of the local departments such as schools, law management, waste management, water supply networks, power plants, hospitals, transportation systems, libraries as well as other systems (Wortmann and Flchter 2015). The smart government plays a significant role in order to develop smart cities. The objective of constructing smart city for the smart government is or improving quality of life by utilizing urban technology as well as informatics for improving the efficiency of the services and meeting the needs of the residents. Summary: This literature review section has portrayed the negative effects or the threats came from the ransomware attack as well as the physical attacks on the network security and the computer security in the context of the cyber crime. On the other hand, this section has also highlighted on the effectiveness and the application of the Internet of things over the computer and network security in order to reduce cyber crime. Furthermore, this discussion has also shed light on the activities of the smart government in order to develop smart cities in terms of mitigate the risks associated with the cyber security. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Introduction: This chapter is aimed at shedding some light on those approaches and techniques that have been utilized in conducting this particular research work. Researchers () are of the opinion that the utilization of suitable research methods would facilitate the process of understanding whether Internet of Things can be utilized to assist the formation of Smart Government in Australia. This is because the process of outlining the appropriate techniques and procedures to be used in conducting the study is dictated by the chosen methodology, thus setting the directions in which the research work would be conducted. The following sections of the chapter provide a detailed discussion on the research techniques to be utilized in conducting the research study being described in this report. Method Outline: Research Philosophy: Researcher Flick (2015) is of the opinion that the following research philosophies are utilized in conducting scientific studies: Positivism: is that particular research philosophy that helps in revealing hidden information through the application of logical deductions. Interpretivism: helps in the process of identifying those complex relationships that exist in the domain of business management. Realism: Researcher Smith (2015)is of the opinion that realism is essentially a combination of both positivism and intepretivism, thus incorporating the characteristic features of both the philosophies. Post Positivism: Researchers Panneerselvam (2014) consider post positivism as an amendment over positivism: this particular research philosophy not only includes the characteristics of positivism but also takes in consideration the very fact that the results of any research study depends in the background and experience of the researcher conducting the study. The post positivism research methodology was utilized in conducting this particular research work. The utilization of realism and interpretivism would not have been useful at meeting the objectives of this research work, while positivism would have not considered the scope of conducting further studies in the very same domain. However, since posposivitism considers the possibility of the outcomes of a study being affected by several environmental factors, the use of the same is justified. Research Approach: Researchers Neuman and Robson (2012) have identified the most widely used research approaches utilized in scientific research works as: Inductive approach is utilized when the research domain being studied is comparatively new and thus much information is not available so as to provide guidance for the new study. Figure: Research Approach (Source: Neuman and Robson 2012, pp-46 ) On the other hand, the deductive approach is utilized in conducting studies in domain that have been much researched on. The information available from the findings of the previously conducted studies can thus be utilized for the development of new theories. The research work being discussed in this report has been conducted utilizing the deductive approach. Several research studies have already been conducted on the domain of Internet of Things and the findings of these studies would be utilized for identifying the techniques using which the IOT can support the activities of Smart Governance. Thus, the selection of the approach is justified. Research Design: Researcher Pickard (2012)has made detailed discussion on the manner scientific research studies are designed. According to them, the utilization of the appropriate research design ( from those enlisted below) helps in the identification of the strategies that would be utilized for collecting and analyzing research data. Figure: Research designs (Source: Pickard 2012, pp-192) The exploratory research design facilitates the process of considering several theories and data required to conduct a research study. The explanatory research design, on the other hand, facilitates the process of identifying the causes behind the occurrence of specific incidents and their consecutive effect. Descriptive research works are conducted so as to gain detailed information regarding the topic being researched on. The research work being discussed in this report would utilize the exploratory research design, as the consideration of existing theories and concepts would be required for finding the strategies using which the IOT can be utilized to facilitate smart governance in Australia. Data Collection Procedure: Researchers Dumay and Cai (2015) are of the opinion that the collection of relevant data or information is essential for any conducting research work. The following sections of the report provide an insight into the methods and processes that would be utilized for collecting data required to conduct the study under consideration. Types of data sources: Primary and Secondary According to Neuman and Robson (2012) the different sources from which data utilized in a research study can be collected belong to the following categories: Primary sources of data: Those sources of data, that allow the collection of raw information, are considered as primary data sources. Researcher Smith (2015) point out the fact that the raw data collected from these sources require to be clarified and analyzed appropriately, so as to be utilized in any research study. Secondary sources of data: According to Lang et al. (2013), the data collected from secondary sources (like that of existing research articles, text books, journals etc) help in gaining insight into the topics being researched on, besides providing data sets that can be utilized for analytical activities. The research work being discussed in this report would utilize data collected from both primary and secondary sources of data. Experts in the domain of Information Technology would be interviewed so as collect updated information regarding Internet of Things and a review of several technical articles and literary works would be utilized to gain information regarding the various aspects of this technology and its use in running smart governance. Beside this, surveys would be conducted so as to collect information regarding the same. Data Analysis procedure: Qualitative and Quantitative Researchers Dumay and Cai (2015) consider the narrative form of information collected from primary and secondary data sources to be qualitative in nature and the statistical data available from survey to be quantitative. It has already been mentioned that both surveys and interviews would be utilized for collecting data, along with the consideration of existing literary articles. Thus, it can be said that both qualitative and quantitative data would be used in this research work. Ethical Considerations: According to Miller et al. (2012) adherence to the following ethical concepts would guarantee the standardization of the research work: Application of data: The data collected from various sources should be utilized only for the purpose of conducting the research work and not for any commercial purpose. Involvement of the respondents: No external influence would be conducted on the respondents participating in the surveys. Besides this, it is essential for maintaining the anonymity of the participants, such that their identities are not revealed in public. Chapter 4: Conclusion In the light of the discussion made in the sections above, it can be said that the proposed research work would be aimed at the identification of the IOT technologies and strategies that can be utilized in running a smart government in Australia. However, the research methods described in the report indicate that the following shortcomings would be associated with the study: The research study would utilize data collected from both primary and secondary sources so as to conduct the process of analysis. However, the validation of the data available from the secondary sources of data is near about impossible. The entire research work has to be completed within a time period of 6 moths thus imposing severe time constraint on the entire research work. Besides this, the research work has been allocated with limited budgetary resources, which might also affect the success of the study. Reference List Britz, M.T., 2012.Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime: An Introduction, 2/E. Pearson Education India. Choi, K.S., Scott, T.M. and LeClair, D.P., 2016. Ransomware against Police: Diagnosis of Risk Factors via Application of Cyber-Routine Activities Theory.International Journal of Forensic Science Pathology. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A. and Scholl, H.J., 2012, January. Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2289-2297). IEEE. Cid, G.P., 2015. Smart Cities, Smart Governments and Smart Citizens. Costin, A., Isacenkova, J., Balduzzi, M., Francillon, A. and Balzarotti, D., 2013, July. The role of phone numbers in understanding cyber-crime schemes. InPrivacy, Security and Trust (PST), 2013 Eleventh Annual International Conference on(pp. 213-220). IEEE. Dumay, J. and Cai, L., 2015. Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure: a critique.Journal of Intellectual Capital,16(1), pp.121-155. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(7), pp.1645-1660. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(7), pp.1645-1660. Harsh, A. and Ichalkaranje, N., 2015. Transforming e-Government to Smart Government: A South Australian Perspective. InIntelligent Computing, Communication and Devices(pp. 9-16). Springer India. Jimnez, C.E., Falcone, F., Solanas, A., Puyosa, H., Zoughbi, S. and Gonzlez, F., 2014. Smart Government: Opportunities and Challenges in.Handbook of Research on Democratic Strategies and Citizen-Centered E-Government Services, p.1. Kim, D. and Kim, S., 2015. Design of quantification model for ransom ware prevent.World Journal of Engineering and Technology,3(03), p.203. Kirda, E., 2015, June. Cutting the Gordian Knot: A Look Under the Hood of Ransomware Attacks. InDetection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment: 12th International Conference, DIMVA 2015, Milan, Italy, July 9-10, 2015, Proceedings(Vol. 9148, p. 3). Springer. Lang, T., Clarke, M., Newport, M., Enquoselassie, F., van Loggerenberg, F., Franzen, S., Furtado, T., Njuguna, P., Fegan, G. and Davey, G., 2013. A research methodology study to map the process of initiating and operating a randomised controlled trial of podoconiosis treatment in northern Ethiopia.Trials,14(1), p.1. McGuire, M. and Dowling, S., 2013. Cyber crime: A review of the evidence.Summary of key findings and implications. Home Office Research report,75. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F. and Chlamtac, I., 2012. Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges.Ad Hoc Networks,10(7), pp.1497-1516. Moon, J. and Chang, Y., 2016. Ransomware Analysis and Method for Minimize the Damage.The journal of the convergence on culture technology,2(1), pp.79-85. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2012. Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P. and Georgakopoulos, D., 2014. Context aware computing for the internet of things: A survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), pp.414-454. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Rid, T. and Buchanan, B., 2015. Attributing cyber attacks.Journal of Strategic Studies,38(1-2), pp.4-37. Savage, K., Coogan, P. and Lau, H., 2015. The evolution of Ransomware. Shujin, D. and Mei, G., 2015. Problems in the Development of Smart Government in China and Their Solutions.Journal of Baoding University,5, p.007. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Stone, S.D., 2015.Small organization vulnerability to Ransomware(Doctoral dissertation, UTICA COLLEGE). Summers, S., Schwarzenegger, C., Ege, G. and Young, F., 2014.The emergence of EU criminal law: cyber crime and the regulation of the information society. Bloomsbury Publishing. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Turner, V., Gantz, J.F., Reinsel, D. and Minton, S., 2014. The digital universe of opportunities: rich data and the increasing value of the internet of things.IDC Analyze the Future. Wortmann, F. and Flchter, K., 2015. Internet of things.Business Information Systems Engineering,57(3), pp.221-224. Wortmann, F. and Flchter, K., 2015. Internet of things.Business Information Systems Engineering,57(3), pp.221-224. Xia, F., Yang, L.T., Wang, L. and Vinel, A., 2012. Internet of things.International Journal of Communication Systems,25(9), p.1101.

The changing nature and activities of pressure groups †to what extent are they becoming more important Essay Example Essay Example

The changing nature and activities of pressure groups – to what extent are they becoming more important Essay Example Paper The changing nature and activities of pressure groups – to what extent are they becoming more important Essay Introduction Grant, who first defined the idea of insider and outsider groups has since pointed out that the distinction is not so clear now as before. He also points out that a newer method of pressure group activity is occurring with more effect, namely the presence of large-scale demonstrations and direct action, often organised on a national or global scale, using the internet. Such action has been seen recently in the worldwide demonstrations against the war in Iraq (2003), and in regular international action against certain environmental summits.In the UK, we have seen massive demonstrations both against the Iraq war, and against the banning of hunting with hounds. Often, this pressure group activity is characterised by having no clear leadership, and by therefore presenting itself as originating from the mass of the people. However, what did these recent mass marches actually achieve? If anything, these experiences suggested that traditional campaigns based around marches are nowhere near as effective as they used to be.There is no doubt though that pressure groups have a considerably significant place in British society in general and the political system in particular. Furthermore, it is clear that the importance of their role has been increasing and is likely to continue to do so. We can identify a number of reasons why this is so.RecruitmentThe goal of political parties is to build coalitions of support over broad-ranged policies to win elections. Naturally, people with strong feelings on controversial issues (that may offend groups of voters) do not get a great deal of encouragement from, or rise to prominence within, political parties. Pressure groups on the other hand are full of these motivated, ideological individuals. Rising living standards, greater access to information and a growing ‘social consciousness’ have combined to ensure that many more people have the time, inclination and energy to reject the compromises of the major political parti es in favour of more radical solutions (the Countryside Alliance, although relatively new, has in excess of 100,000 members). Similarly, more people feel able to spend a portion of their income and a degree of their time pursuing their interests via membership of pressure groups rather than political parties. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has over one million members and the RSPCA recruits up to 50,000 new members a year. Membership of the Labour Party on the other hand is steadily falling from almost three quarters of a million in the post-war decades to around 200,000 today.ParticipationWe have seen that the importance of parties has been declining. Party memberships have fallen dramatically (as have voting turnouts), and the ordinary members of parties now have relatively little influence over the policy-making process. But membership of pressure groups has been growing – so too have their activities. Social and political research indicates strongly that po litical participation and a general interest in politics is not declining as statistics might suggest. Rather the nature of interest and participation is changing. The large numbers of non-voters and apparently disillusioned non-participants (concentrated among the young) have shifted their political awareness away from party politics in favour of specific political issues. Clearly pressure groups provide a more appropriate vehicle for such interest than do parties.Access pointsPressure groups now have many more ‘access points’ to the decision-making institutions than has been true in the past. It used to be the case that pressure groups concentrated the vast majority of their efforts on government ministers, civil servants and their advisers, or on Parliament. But decision making in Britain today has become spread over a much wider range of institutions. This process has four facets: the importance of the European Union; devolution of power to national regions; the gro wth of policy-making bodies outside the traditional party system; and the increasing importance of the courts as a result of the passage of the Human Rights Act.The European UnionThe clearest example has been the growing jurisdiction of the European Union. Those decisions that are made in the Union have forced pressure groups to adopt two new methods. First, they have switched many of their activities to the European Commission, the Committee of the Regions, the Social and Economic Committee and various other Union institutions whose task it is to develop policy. At the same time, the European Parliament is becoming more influential. Therefore, lobby groups have sent increasing numbers of representatives to the Parliament and its committees. In 2005 there were more than 4200 accredited (that is, permitted to operate freely) lobbyists attached to the European Parliament.Of course, pressure groups continue to lobby national ministers, who make the final decisions, but there is ample o pportunity for groups to put pressure on permanent institutions that have consciously opened their doors to representatives of interest groups. It is often argued that the European Union is an undemocratic body and, in the traditional sense of ‘parliamentary democracy’, that is probably so. But it is also noteworthy that the European Union accepts that the representation of interests is vital if they are to recommend policy which will enjoy popular consent.Second, groups have understood that they must unite with their European counterparts if they are to exert effective pressure. So we have seen the development of an increasing number of ‘federated’ groups in Europe. All major trade unions, producer groups and environmental campaign organisations, for example, have developed their own European-wide institutions. The brief list of examples of European pressure and interest groups shown below gives a flavour of the range of issues being treated in this way: E uropean Automobile Manufacturers Association Friends of the Earth Europe Association of Electricity Producers European Fair Trade Association European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers Federation European Small Business Alliance Association of Commercial Television in Europe European Association for the Defence of Human RightsDevolutionA considerable amount of power has been devolved to Scottish and Welsh government (and to Northern Ireland, when devolved government is operating there). The main policy areas which have been devolved are: health, education, transport, planning, industrial development, agriculture and local government services. Pressure groups that are involved in these policy areas have naturally been forced to move some of their operations to Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. Of course, the main thrust of their activities remains in London or Brussels, but there has been a considerable shift in their operations.Extra-party institutionsAs we have seen, the early consid eration of policy has shifted away from party institutions. Instead, there is now a wide range of external think tanks, policy units, private advisers and working parties, which have the task of feeding policy options into the government machinery. Pressure groups have a vital interest in becoming involved in the early stages of policy consideration. The main way in which they can achieve this is by employing professional lobbyists, who can find their way through the maze of policy-making institutions which now flourish at the centre of British politics. Professional lobbyists undertake the critical task of identifying the key decision make:-securing contact with them and ensuring that the information that a pressure group wishes to disseminate finds the appropriate targets.The Human Rights ActThis Act was passed in 1998 and brought the European Convention on Human Rights into British law in 2000. Its effect was to reinforce and introduce a wide range of rights, many of which were d esigned to protect minority interests. Since many pressure and interest groups represent such minorities, the Act provided many new opportunities for them to assert their interests. By applying to the courts, a minority group may be able to seek a judgement that protects them from oppressive legislation. The human rights campaign group, Liberty, for example, has been especially active in this judicial field since the passage of the Act.Direct actionIt used to be the case that insider pressure groups were seen to have a distinct advantage in gaining the attention of policy and decision makers over outsider groups. This was because they had direct access, were generally felt to be more responsible in their demands and had developed long-term links with government and Parliament. This picture has been changing, however. Many groups now feel that they can exert more pressure on government by mobilising public opinion than by pursuing direct links with decision makers. Certainly there is a good deal of evidence to suggest that modem governments are responsive to mass political movements – nearly always outsiders – provided they can demonstrate widespread support. The Countryside Alliance has certainly found this, as have old-age pensioner groups, development aid campaigners and environmentalists. Direct action, when properly organised and well supported, is growing in importance.SummaryMany millions of British citizens consider themselves to be detached from the political process. There has been growing disillusionment with traditional party politics; fewer people than ever bother to vote in elections; and party membership has been falling steadily. But there is a different perspective that we can adopt. In terms of pressure group activity, especially since the emergence of new social movements, it could be claimed that political activity and participation have never been higher.Though a decreasing number of people identify closely with any political party or ideology, a growing number are willing to take positive action in pursuit of a cause about which they feel passionate. Furthermore, as representative institutions – especially parties and Parliament – have become increasingly marginalised and impotent, there has been a renewed interest in the influence of direct action. As long as we enjoy an independent civil society, and as long as politicians remain sensitive to public opinion, pressure groups will remain a key feature of British democracy. The changing nature and activities of pressure groups – to what extent are they becoming more important Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Your College Essay Sample

Your College Essay SampleA college essay sample is a great way to begin if you want to write an essay on a subject you already know. There are many ways to get ideas for essays that you can use to start writing for college. Essays need to be very well written and not boring. They need to be interesting, but also structured so that they make sense.The problem with starting a college essay off by writing a word essay, or something that has nothing to do with your major is that there is so much information to go over. You can get a college essay sample that is done right, and it will help you be well prepared for your assignment. It does not have to be perfect, but you have to be able to write an essay on your own. The first thing you need to realize is that this is your assignment. You have to complete it in the way that you believe is best for you.A good college essay sample will include the topic of your choice. The essay should include the introduction and conclusion. Many times the re will be sections that you are going to rewrite and fill in with your own opinions, but you will still need to have these sections complete to begin with. You have to start at the beginning, so that you can see what to write and how to write a good college essay.The main goal of a college essay, however, is to come up with the most creative essay that you can. It is not necessarily to write the most advanced essay, but to get the most out of your time and effort. The essay should be able to make you think about what you read. It should show you what you have been reading, what is going on in the world, and how the writer will view it.The college essay sample is usually a short essay that you have to type up and finish in about two hours. In fact, you will need to use your computer, and not your cell phone, because you will be typing it up yourself. It will help you get used to writing, but will also show you how to be more organized and put things into words.If you are trying to g et into college, but do not know where to begin, then a college essay sample might be exactly what you need. It will give you a general idea of how it should be done. You will also know what you need to say to make the essays as long as you want them to be. It will show you how to keep a structure to your paper, and also how to create a thesis statement. Finally, you will be able to see all of the parts that you have to fill in to complete your essay.A college essay sample will allow you to come up with an amazing word essay, while still making it unique. It will show you how to use a college essay type paper to your advantage. You will be able to come up with original writing, without any errors. There is no shortage of college writing assignments available.College writing is very different from high school writing. There are so many things that are required to create something like this. You have to take the time to think about how to structure your essay. You have to write someth ing that makes sense and that is true to you. You must be able to fill in all of the gaps to come up with a great college essay.

Culture of Nacirema People

Culture of Nacirema People The Nacirema community has its distinct believes just as any other cultural group. They believe that human body is very essential for the continuity of a person. However, they believe that human body is susceptible to various evil spirits which cause diseases. For a person to be sick in the Nacirema community, his or her body must have been attacked by some devilish spirits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture of Nacirema People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Treatment in the Nacirema community is by exorcism which entails very crude and painful procedures but they do not see any problem. To them, pain is unavoidable while one is still living. In this regard, Nacirema people spend every day of their lives undertaking various rituals to get rid of the evil spirits. They view a human body as being incapable of protecting itself from diseases and should be assisted by medicine men and herbalists. This is quite dif ferent from the society where I come from because we believe that at any given situation the body tries to fight foreign substances. Moreover, we believe that diseases do not necessarily mean that evil spirits have attacked the body. Due to their believe that evil spirits attack the body hence making one sick, the Nacirema people believe in magic. Every person has to perform several rituals each day to protect themselves. It is important to note that to the Nacirema people, magic is part of life. Magic is used to protect the body from evil spirits and at the same time to heal it from diseases when one is sick. People in this community have based their day to day lives on magic and elimination of it can lead to a complete breakdown in the social order. Medicine men, herbalists and other people who have magical abilities are highly respected because they are thought as being superior. Nonetheless, the charms that the Nacirema use to heal and protect the body do not always work. To beg in with, their teeth usually decay yet they conduct oral rituals every morning. On the same note, people still fall sick after all the protection charms that they use. Above all, when people fall sick and go to the temple to sick medication, very few of them survive. It is ironical that the Nacirema people have not learnt that their rituals are not that effective as they think. Where I come from, we also have body rituals. We believe that the immune system of the body sometimes fails to properly protect the body from foreign substances. Moreover, we believe that divine intervention is necessary for one to live a complete life. In this regard, people usually go to church to seek the help of God in strengthening their souls.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is more or less similar to the beliefs of the Nacirema people. On the same note, similar to the Nacirema rituals, we do have rituals to cleanse the mouth. We brush our teeth daily. Nonetheless, according to us there is no connection between the mouth and morality of a person. However, we differ with them because we do not believe that evil spirits need to be exorcised from the body. The rituals that the Nacirema people undertake are weird. With all the civilization and given the continent from which they come from, it is not expected that they could still believe in magic. These rituals would shock people from other parts of the world to death. However, the Nacirema people do not view their rituals as beingodd. Day in day out, they religiously follow what they think as being basic part of life. They wake up in the morning and do the morning rituals without fail. There has never been anyone who has stood up to complain about the absurdity of the rituals. To confirm that these people do not see anything funny in their rituals, they initiate their children into these rituals. While the number of p atients who survive from the temples is very low, people are still willing and work very hard to go into the temple when they fall sick. To a certain extent though, one might say that the Nacirema people know that their rituals are unusual. This is due to the fact that they conduct them with a high degree of secrecy that even the children do not get to know about them until initiation. The Nacirema are people from America. It is quite crucial to know that the Nacirema are inhabitants of North America. Ironically, despite their neighbors being modernized they are not. They have for years clung to their rituals. They are surrounded by the Canadian Cree and Tarahumare of Mexico. This is an area which is surrounded by developed economies and people are relatively rich. Their other neighbors include the Carib, the Arawak and the Yaqui. It has been argued that they migrated into this region from the East though this is subject to argument. Naturally, they are hardworking people and spend most of their time executing various economic activities.

Calculus

Calculus Calculus Calculus By Maeve Maddox A reader writes, The other day I heard a radio commentator constantly using the phrase in that calculus, something Id never heard before. [The] commentator was using it in a political context, pretty much as a fancy way of saying in that situation; Id be grateful if you could look into it and cover it some time! Calculus is one of those words like parameter and paradigm that have been yanked from their habitual scientific contexts into the general vocabulary by non-scientists to make their utterances sound more profound. In the context of mathematics, the word calculus is usually preceded by differential or integral: integral calculus: a branch of mathematics concerned with the theory and applications (as in the determination of lengths, areas, and volumes and in the solution of differential equations) of integrals and integration. differential calculus: a branch of mathematics concerned chiefly with the study of the rate of change of functions with respect to their variables especially through the use of derivatives and differentials. Calculus is the diminutive of Latin calx, â€Å"stone.† A calculus was a little stone or pebble. The plural, calculi gives us the word calculation because pebbles were used for counting. Calculi were also used as game pieces and for voting. In the context of medicine, calculus is a hard deposit that builds up in the body to produce kidney stones, plaque, and such. The word calculus is now to be found in a variety of contexts: Competition along routes is just one variable in that calculus. (The context is a discussion of the process of airline pricing.) They are casting Ellsworth as an unwilling enabler who will further an agenda even though he might not fully support it. And, in that calculus, his vote for Speaker of the House comes first and foremost. No medical intervention is 100% safe. However vaccines are remarkably  safeIt is risk versus benefit and in that calculus vaccines win. J. C. Watts Endorsing Newt Gingrich is Awful Political Calculus In New Calculus on Smoking, It’s Health Gained vs. Pleasure Lost The political calculus on immigration reform changes day by day, but the moral calculus has not. It seems to me that in each of these examples, situation, calculation, or thinking would serve the context. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?What is Dative Case?How Many Sentences in a Paragraph?