The Divorce Cycle The Children Of Divorce - 986 Words

There are many interesting topics and questions to research in sociology. I am most interested in the topic: consequences in divorce. Being a child of divorced parents is something I have always thought about and how it will effect me later in life with my relationships. I wonder if I am more likely to have a divorce as well because my parents had one. I have found a couple articles that talk about this topic one titled, Understanding the Divorce Cycle: The Children of Divorce in their own Marriages and the another titled, Effects of Parental Divorce on Marital Commitment and Confidence. Each article talks about the research that was done and the results they got from it. My research question that I would research is, â€Å"What are the rates of divorce of those who have divorced parents in Scott county Iowa?† I will discuss each articles method of study they used and the results. Then I will describe how I would study my research question. In the article Understanding the Div orce Cycle: The Children of Divorce in their own Marriages, Nicholas Woldfinger analyzed two larger America Surveys, the General Social Survey and the Natural Survey of families and Households with a random sample size of over 10,000 people (Wolfinger, 2005). These surveys gave him a large amount of information on topics such as divorce, stepparent families, remarriage and cohabitation (Wolfinger, 2005). Overall he found that the transmission of divorce from parents to children has to do with the lessonsShow MoreRelatedDivorce is not an exception anymore. In fact, with the rate of marriage decreasing over the past1200 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce is not an exception anymore. In fact, with the rate of marriage decreasing over the past decade, and the divorce rate remaining steady, we are likely to know more people who are divorced than those who are legally bound. During this semester we read four novels. Divorce was a common theme in all of them. Only a few generations ago, American culture rejected divorce as scandalous. Today, law, behavior, and culture embrace and even celebrate it. It got me to wondering about the children ofRead MoreDivorce Is Not A New Nor A Fading Trend1034 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce is not a new nor a fading trend. Since the time of Moses and through the centuries divorce has been a topic of discussion and something sought after by those in an unhappy marriage. Divorce has always been around, but not nearly as much as the last century. In America data has recorded the divorce rate since the mid-880s. The data acquired over the years concludes that divorce went from being a social taboo to a trend among friends, effecting the social views on divorce itself, marriage,Read MoreDivorce : The Divorce Rate1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe divorce rate, while fluctuating over time, has reached high percentages lately. As Coltrane and Adams posit, the high divorce rates are due in part to the fact that the expectations of marriage are high in high esteem. When it does not work out, people are anxious to try again to find the perfect partner. Divorc e is what allows people that opportunity (Coltrane and Adams p. 201). However, the intricacies of divorce are complicated. Much of the conversation of divorce is focused on fault andRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Society Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHalf of all marriages end in divorce. That means that between a person and their closest friend, one of them is likely to get a divorce (Stanton 3). That’s a shocking and scary statistic since divorce is so unhealthy for everyone involved. Sociology’s view, religion’s view, and even the effect of psychology all point to one end, divorce is not beneficial. Divorce is a topic that has been widely silenced because it has rocked so many people’s lives. A 50 percent divorce rate is a huge increase of whatRead MoreDivorce And The Effects On Child Development1577 Words   |  7 Pages Divorce and the Effects on Child Development Nicole Harris Child Development- PSYC 3026-20 Simpson University July 3, 2015 Divorce and the Effects on Child Development Although needed in severe cases of abuse, divorce harmfully impacts, wives husbands and children. The lack of understanding of the primary nature of marriage has brought about a withdrawal from the institution of marriage. Parents need to slow on the uptake and proceed with care before the decision is made that divorce isRead MoreChanging Divorce Laws Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesChanging Divorce Laws In 1995, Statistics Canada data shows that 30% of marriages split (McGovern). Since the 1960’s, marriage and divorce have been undergoing profound changes which have altered the meaning of marriage, the chances of its ending in divorce and the circumstances attached to marriage. These changes have made it easier for couples to obtain a divorce due to the changing laws and changing morals of society. The changes include three new grounds needed to prove marital breakdownRead MoreA Sense Of Autonomy And Self Control Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pages As children grow older, they learn to meet their own needs by means of self-regulation. This means to self-regulate is fostered through the attachment cycle, a foundation for relationships that creates and provides a way to adjust and adapt to future experiences, building a sense of autonomy and self-efficacy within the child. Today, many children face parental divorce, and their family dynamic and attachment cycle are altered. Divorce disrupts daily lives and often traumatizes children, affectingRead MoreDivorce : A Major Sociological Issue1080 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Eron Mrs. Small Social Issue paper 21 November 2014 Divorce Problem Statement: Divorce is a major sociological issue. Divorce rates continue to rise annually and more and more the definition of ‘family’ begins to change. Around 40% of marriages ended in divorce in 2004 (West). This is an epidemic that at one point shocked many People. While, divorce use to be socially and for many, religiously unacceptable it is becoming more and more a social norm. Even though it is becoming more commonRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Our Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagesyear, with over 1.2 million divorces (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). Divorce is not limited to breaking apart the husband and wife; it destroys families, siblings and the future of the American children. Divorces cause money, crime and education issues and an overall effect on the children caught in the middle, which follows them into their adult life. A $1,000 of taxpayer’s money is spent dealing with the consequences of broken families (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). The amountRead MoreHow Divorce Is Affected By The Separation940 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce is never an easy subject, and is hurtful despite the specific conditions. When going through a divorce it is very important to know the effects that it can have on children. Divorce, in most cases, depending on the circumstance, will have a negative effect on children. Some of the results after a divorce can leave a child in short or long term situations. Adults tend to recover and move on to a new relationship, but the effects on children can be more long term (â€Å"Are†). More and more parents

Low cost airlines are an environmental disaster Free Essays

A low-cost carrier or low cost airline is an airline that offers generally low fares in exchange for eliminating many traditional passenger services. The concept originated in the United States before spreading to Europe in the early 1990s and subsequently to much of the rest of the world. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with a low – or lower – operating cost structure than their competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Low cost airlines are an environmental disaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through popular media the term has since come to define any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services regardless of their costs. While most discount airlines have more fuel-efficient fleets than older carriers, their significant contribution to sky traffic is unprecedented. Commercial passenger airlines, especially low cost and Internet sales-based carriers, are experiencing growth internationally. In the United States, airline flight sales dropped 30 percent directly following September 11, but have since made a comeback and are now experiencing slow but steady growth.Today, the U.S. has been able to maintain its place as the leading nation in air travel, and North America accounts for 40 percent of worldwide air traffic. Low-cost airlines such as Jet Blue Airways have led this domestic growth, topping the Bureau of Transportation charts for domestic profit gains. Airline sales in Asia are escalating as well, and the skies are becoming increasingly more crowded. In China alone, the market is projected to grow more than 200 percent from 1999 to 2014. While these flares may seem like a dream come true for low-budget travelers, the resulting surge in air traffic carries with it major environmental costs. Even with the more fuel-efficient technology that has evolved over the last 30 years, air travel remains a significant contributor to climate change. Air transport has increased twice as fast as road transport over the last 40 years. Air travel produces more carbon dioxide per km travelled for each passenger than car travel. There are clearly environmental effects increasing as a result of air travel, while others are decreasing or staying constant. Environmentalists say airlines rate as one of the most polluting forms of transport, with 16,000 commercial jets producing over 600 million tonne of carbon dioxide every year. Meanwhile, precise guidelines on international aircraft emissions are excluded from the Kyoto Protocol, with the stipulation that airline emission reform must be taken up by a separate organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Internationally, fuel used for aviation is tax exempt, and according to ICAO Secretariat John Crayston, â€Å"While the ICAO has established emissions standards for certain emissions there are no standards for CO2.† The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates that aviation’s share in climate change is at about 3.5 percent of the total contributions, which is predicted to climb to five percent by 2050. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aerosol particles that are emitted in aviation such as soot, metals and sulfuric acid can indirectly influence climate change by causing additional cirrus clouds to form, which in turn trap the heat rising from the Earth’s surface. The IPCC projects an overall global temperature increase from 34.7 to 40.1 degrees Fahrenheit between 1990 and 2100. Unlike in the US where a large number of domestic flights emit carbon dioxide over one area, the SDC has said that 97% of UK air transport is non-domestic, with carbon dioxide emissions generated on flights between countries. PARIS – The European boom in †low-cost† airlines, fueled by tax incentives, is increasing the level of toxic gases in the atmosphere and displacing less polluting and more efficient means of transportation for shorter distances, like trains. The Kyoto Protocol and the UK government’s energy White Paper targets do not currently cover emissions from international aviation, as there is no global agreement on the allocation of these emissions to countries. It may not mean that the industry would be destroyed, but there are much more efficient and effective tools when it comes to dealing with emissions. One other possibility that has been put forward by the airline industry is emissions trading. Numbers passing through UK airports expected to double to 400m by 2030.Air travel is growing globally at about 5% a year. At the forefront of this revolution are the low-cost, no-frills carriers such as Ryanair, Easyjet and Buzz, which are growing at a phenomenal rate. In June, Easyjet passenger numbers were up more than 50% on the same month last year. Ryanair increased by 34% and Go saw an incredible 72% rise. The lesson learned from these airlines, especially post-11 September, is as clear as it is simple – the cheaper your fares, the more people will fly. But if air travel is allowed to grow unchecked in this way, it will spell disaster for the planet, say environmentalists. More flights mean bigger, busier airports, which in turn means more noise and growing problems with air quality for those who live and work close to airports. But perhaps the biggest concern is the effect on global warming. The problem for environmentalists is that while efforts are being made to cut CO2 emissions from cars and industry, nothing is being done to rein in the airlines. Climatic change Burning aviation fuel releases greenhouse gases predominantly carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, causing the Earth to heat up leads to global warming and the process of climate changes such as higher sea levels, devastating floods and droughts. Air traffic worldwide produces emissions of more than 600 million tons of carbon dioxide. In addition, it releases nitrates, ash, sulfates and water vapor. Some of these substances deplete ozone in the atmosphere. This layer of ozone gas is crucial for protecting life on Earth from the Sun’s harmful rays. Flying also releases nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides, and even the vapour trails – contrails – left by planes are thought to be a hazard. It’s been suggested that they add to the insulating effect of cirrus clouds on our climate. The Britain-based environmental group Tourism Concern predicts that by 2015 half of the annual destruction of the ozone layer will be caused by commercial air traffic and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates aviation causes 3.5 per cent of man-made global warming and that figure could rise to 15 per cent by 2050. NASA scientists say condensation trails from jet exhausts create cirrus clouds that may trap heat rising from the earth’s surface. This could account for nearly all the warming over the United States between 1975 and 1994. The guidelines on international aircraft emissions were excluded from the Kyoto protocol on climate change and aviation fuel is tax exempt. Aerospace firms have made huge leaps forward, with commercial jets now 70 per cent more fuel efficient per passenger kilometre (mile) than they were 40 years ago, thanks to better engines, lighter materials and aerodynamic designs. Optimists, including Easyjet, pin their hopes on technology to make planes more efficient. And cost-obsessed carriers are continuously searching for ways to use capacity better, find more direct flight paths and cut congestion in order to trim the hefty fuel bills which make up 25 per cent of airline operating costs. Most discount airlines have young, more fuel-efficient fleets and newer airlines in regions such as Asia have leap-frogged older technologies to buy new planes. Hundreds of flights by subsidized airlines in Europe are endangering the global climate and the ozone layer. For now, they fly free of environmental regulations. The industry believes this Air Passenger Duty (APD), which raises  £800m a year, can be regarded as a form of environmental compensation. It may not mean that the industry would be destroyed, but there are much more efficient and effective tools when it comes to dealing with emissions. Since April this year, airlines that use Heathrow Airport have been charged for nitrogen oxide emissions and carriers emitting less receive a rebate. This will happen in Gatwick in a year or so. One other possibility that has been put forward by the airline industry is emissions trading. Under this scheme, to help with the environmental costs caused by civil aviation pollution, by 2008, the industry would pay for other industries, such as the nuclear fuels sector, to reduce their carbon emissions. The proposal has been put forward to the European Commission, and includes an incentive for airlines to pay less into emissions trading if they use more environmentally friendly aircraft. The FOE says emissions trading, and the proposal to differentiate landing charges at airports according to noise levels and air pollution, outlined in last year’s aviation White Paper, has potential. The issue of an aviation fuel tax is not top of the international climate change agenda, because it will have to be confronted at a global level. There are a lot of domestic issues the government has to deal with, areas that damage the environment more than the 5% of carbon dioxide emissions caused by the airline industry.On this basis, the likelihood of low-cost air fares rising in the near future is an unlikely one. References BBC news Europe. 2005 . EU plans airline CO2 reductions. [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/4287048.stm . [ 18 November 2006] Christian Dietsche. 2005. The high price of low-cost airlines. [online] http://www.cafebabel.com/en/ [18 November 2006] Daniel Mann. 2004. Calls to control low-cost flights.[online]   [ 18 November 2006] Jonathan Duffy. 2002. The high price of low-cost airlines. [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk/2327487.stm [ 19 November 2006] Julio Godoy.2004. EUROPE: The True Cost of Flying. [online] http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/interna.asp?idnews=26687 Michael Smith. 2006. Branson launches plan to cut aviation emissions.[online]. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/060927/business/business_airlines_virgin_col Nicolas E. Antoine . , Ilan M. Kroo. 2002. Aircraft optimization for minimal environmental impact. 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization. 4-6 September 2002, Atlanta, Georgia How to cite Low cost airlines are an environmental disaster, Essay examples

Drug Card free essay sample

Vicodin - Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain - Safe Range: Peds: lt;40kg 0. 2mg/kg-15mg/kg/dose q3-4h PRN. Maximum dose of acetaminophen 1000 mg/dose and 4000mg/day; Adult initially 10mg q3-4h PRN. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Card or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page - Action / Where does it do its job: Reduces intensity of pain stimuli incoming from sensory nerve endings, altering pain perception. Contraindications: None known. Previous hypersensitivity - Side Effects: Sedation, HOTN, diaphoresis, dizziness, facial flushing. Children lt;2 y. o. more susceptible to RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. - Strengths: (Vicodin) hydrocodone/acteminophen 5/500 mg ; Vicodin ES h/a 7. 5/750 mg; Vicodin HP h/a 10/650mg and 10/660mg ; - - Drug Name: Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen Trade Name:  Norco - Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain - Safe Range: Peds: lt;40kg 0. 2mg/kg-15mg/kg/dose q3-4h PRN. Maximum dose of acetaminophen 1000 mg/dose and 4000mg/day; Adult initially 10mg q3-4h PRN. - Action / Where does it do its job: Reduces intensity of pain stimuli incoming from sensory nerve endings, altering pain perception. Contraindications: None known ; Previous hypersensitivity - Side Effects: Sedation, HOTN, diaphoresis, dizziness, facial flushing. Children lt;2 y. o. more susceptible to RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. - Strength: hydrocodone/acetaminophen 10mg/325 mg; 5mg//325mg, 7. 5mg/325mg - Drug Name: Acetaminophen/Codeine Trade Name: Tylenol with codeine - Indication: Mild to moderate pain, fever - Safe Range: 0. 5-1. 0mg/kg/dose q3-6h. [3-6 yo] Dose: 12 mg codeine PO q4-6h prn; [7-12 yo]Dose: 15-30 mg codeine PO q4-6h prn; [13-17 yo]Dose: 15-60 mg codeine PO q4-6h prn; Max: 60 mg/dose, 360 mg/day codeine; 1 g/4h and 4 g/day acetaminophen; Alt: 0. 5-1 mg/kg codeine PO q4-6h prn; - Action / Where does it do its job:  Ã‚  Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that may serve as mediators of pain and fever, primarily in the CNS. Contraindications: Previous hypersensitivity. Active alcoholism, hepatic disease, severe renal impairment, phenylketonuria, G6PD deficiency. - Side Effects: hypersensitivity reaction, hepatotoxicity, hepatic failure, renal failure. - Strength: Codeine with acetaminophen 30/300mg ; 60/300mg; Tylenol with codeine solution ( codeine 12mg/acet. 120mg/5ml)

The Happiness In The Lovely Bones Play English Literature Essay free essay sample

First, it needs to be defined what parallel agencies and so, it will be explained below how it is related to this two narratives. As it is known correspondence are two lines that neer intersect between one and another but one has to follow another one to be parallel and they are ever the same long. It is besides known that parallel universes refer to a life outside Earth, a life that human existences can non experiment by themselves and it is people who are non here but we can experience their presence ; it is the life of the decease. Here is a little reappraisal about what Ellen Foster s fresh negotiations about. It was written by Kaye Gibbons and it is a narrative about a miss, Ellen, who is an orphan. When her parents were alive, they have jobs. For illustration, her pa was a drunker and her female parent had wellness jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Happiness In The Lovely Bones Play English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After they died, Ellen continues with a debatable life ; she should travel from one house to another with different relations and besides people she knows until one twenty-four hours she eventually finds a new ma who takes attention of her and loves her. The Lovely Bones was a narrative written by Alice Sebold. It is about a 14 years-old miss, Susie, who was murdered in her manner to her house. After that she begins narrating how her household trades with this fact, how her ma runs off from place, her dad attempts to happen the guilty and how her sister attempts truly difficult to go on populating in a normal manner. She narrates facts about what happened before and after her decease from the summerhouse in her Eden. Reading these two little sum-ups we discover that both books do non speak about beautiful things, they show us that both characters have to cover with different jobs and they have to demo bravery to diss these jobs. Both are two small misss who even when they are immature, they have fortitude and finding to make non flag and in Susie s instance she has to happen to back up her household from her Eden. Ellen has the opportunity to populate the obstructions of unrecorded and work out them being present but Susie is already decease and she can non take portion in the universe of the life. Even though there is a parallel universe that leads them to happen felicity. Nothing is of all time certain. ( p.21 )[ 1 ]it is a quotation mark from the book Lovely Bones and it is told by Len Fenerman, the investigator, and it is what he ever says to SusieA?s household while the constabulary is seeking to happen a guilty. It is related to Susie and Ellen s parallel universes in the sense that in life nil is of all time certain. It can be all colour pink one twenty-four hours and following twenty-four hours person comes to your life and turns it wholly different. It is either a individual or a new, but unexpected things ever go on. This quotation mark is related to Ellen because she neer knows where she will be tomorrow, who with and how long. Susie on the reverse, after her decease she knows she wo nt come back to the Earth but she hesitates where she will be her full life , since she still has to work on accepting this fact. She asks Franny, her friend in Eden, When the dead are done with the life, the life can travel on to other things, Franny said. What about the dead? I asked. Where make we travel? ( p. 145 )[ 2 ] Sometimes it is difficult to understand alterations and it is harder when those alterations were non made by our ain determinations. The result of life is most of the clip the consequence of our actions, or at least it suppose to be effects of what we do, nevertheless in some instances this result is modified without our intercession. Mr. Harvey in The Lovely Bones reflects by his Acts of the Apostless, the consequence of what he lived in his hard childhood and so he stops Susie s life. Susie s mistake was merely that she was artlessness and she could non comprehend something was incorrect about George Harvey. In Ellen Foster s instance she does non make anything to merit being excluded and rejected by people, but her parents could non manage with their personal and matrimonial jobs and these caused Ellen some jobs in her childhood excessively. Related to this point is besides the quotation mark You are nt go forthing, Susie. You re mine now. ( Page 12 )[ 3 ]Mr. Harvey said this in The Lovely Bones when he is ravishing Susie and this means besides that Susie wo nt be in peace, she will be joined to Mr. Harvey for one ground, and it is that she will seek to assist her household to happen the guilty. In Ellen Foster s narrative she is linked to her parents because what they did when they were alive and her relations think she will be the same individual and do the same errors as her parents because she looks like her pa. Sometimes people do non recognize that what they do has an consequence in other people s life and sometimes even when they know that the manner they behave is non acceptable, they continue making it. There is a though from Ellen where she thinks aloud Well I know why you hated my dada but what about me? Why ca nt you see I am non like him? ( pag. 78 )[ 4 ]Peoples should understand that there are facts in which we do non hold the power to wipe out them but non because of this we are traveling to go on populating reiterating the same errors. Ellen s household is seting a load on her shoulders and they are non allowing her to be happy. Unfortunately, our felicity sometimes does non depend of us ; it depends on what person else does. Ellen says: When they came back in they said they had decided what to make with me ( pag. 45 )[ 5 ]It is an of import quotation mark that make us believe if our life is our ain life and if we can truly take determinations by our ain or how people handle our life while we grow up. There is showed once more the line in which we want to walk and the line in which we must walk as parallel lines. In The Lovely Bones the fact that Susie was murdered affects the whole household and most of the clip who feels the load of her sister s decease is Lindsey. For illustration, in the quotation mark Lindsey, Lindsey said. Salmon, right? Please do nt, Lindsey said, and for a 2nd Ruth could experience the experiencing a small more vividly-what it was like to claim me: How people looked at Lindsey and imagined a miss covered in blood. ( pag. 116 )[ 6 ] In this quotation mark she is seeking to get away from the shade of her sister, Susie, she does non desire people to see a decease organic structure when she is walking that is why when she went to a Symposium she did non compose her name she drew a fish. She is pull offing to demo strength of spirit in malice of her unhappiness. She uses this strength to back up her pa and her small brother excessively. She is seeking to populate her ain life to accomplish her felicity by making her hereafter and non establishing it on what happened with her sister. Susie s life was interrupted and in her attempt to accept her slaying she begins populating through her sister s life. Susie says At 14, my sister sailed off from me into a topographic point I d neer been. In the walls of my sex there was horror and blood, in the walls of hers there were Windowss. ( p. 125 )[ 7 ]Susie wants to acquire another opportunity to experiment what normal people live, she would wish to come back to Earth and see how being in high school feels or how snoging the love of your life moves you bosom. Susie does non hold many options, she sees her sister populating her first sexual experience with love and with a individual she chooses. In that minute the parallel universe for Susie is the life she wo nt hold and the life she has through Lindsey. We can populate in a parallel universe, in a universe where we do non anticipate to populate but unluckily it is the universe that is was given to us. However, the manner we see this universe is the manner we can modified it in both good and bad waies. In Ellen Foster, the chief character is a kid and even though she does an attempt to see things in a positive manner uniting it we sensible determinations to make non botch more things in her life. For illustration when she says I would truly wish to paint them one of my incubation oceans but they would lose the point I am certainly of how the ocean looks strong and beautiful and sad at the same clip and that is truly something if you think about it. ( pag.106 )[ 8 ]She is non merely seeking to see beautiful images in her caput at the same clip she is reflecting a though of unhappiness that the world provokes in her and she tries to make up ones mind what can be the best thing to pull for her cousin and aunt who do non see more thing s than what is put in forepart of their eyes. In The Lovely Bones, Buckley, Susie s small brother can non recognize yet what happened with his sister but he knows he wo nt see her once more. He begins stating his friend he can see Susie around him and he can speak to her excessively. Probably when we are non able to see people we love one more clip we decide that it can be a manner to let go of our feelings by naming on people through memories or speaking to them as if they were here around us. We are non certain if that parallel universe after decease exists but to last to our sorrow of losing a comparative we can retrieve them and love them for our full life. Buckley finds his manner to see an issue for his sorrow, he feels the Susie s albescence but he decides to see more from what it is in forepart of him. Susie relates this portion as a sweet fact that let her cognize her household thinks about her and love her. Had my brother truly seen me someway, or he was he simply a small male child stating beautiful prevarications? ( p. 95 )[ 9 ] How we will explicate what life is, how it should be lived and how we find the value of it is a inquiry cipher can precisely specify. Ellen Foster defines it by stating that for her, life is a minute where she can loosen up and experience something pleasance. I do non believe of anything but the flowers on the sheets and the bubbles in the bath H2O. This is life ( pag. 41 )[ 10 ]She merely think that being in her places the closest significance about life is merely a comfy minute where she can conceive of life is traveling to go better and at least she can bask a piece of clip where cipher is upseting her stating her that she is non welcome and she is non loved. In both books, heartache and choler is experimented by the chief characters in order to happen their peace and let go of their bad ideas and it is showed in quotation marks such as When I was small I would believe of ways to kill my dada ( pag.1 )[ 11 ]This quotation mark was said by Ellen at the beginning of the book where she tries to explicate what she feels about her dada. This gives us a hint that he is non a nice individual and in malice of these words, Ellen explains she does non truly hold the purpose to transport out such condemnable thought. Susie by her side besides whish Mr. Harvey s decease and this is non to take retaliation for what he did but it is to halt him and non let him to kill more misss. Parallel universes are what we wish to make however the possibilities there are to make such things can impact our life in a bad manner and these wants are non sensible at all. Happiness is non achieved by impacting other people or making things in which we can repent. Happi ness is found by specifying aims and wining to derive a solution to the obstructions. Susie s felicity is achieved when eventually Mr. Harvey dies and she is non happy for the fact that he dies, she is happy for the fact that wo nt be able to ache another miss once more. She is happy because her household at the terminal of their hunt they got an reply and now they are certain who the slaying was. Jack, Susie s pa, achieves his felicity when he sees his married woman came back place and he forgives her for being off. After a difficult clip of eight old ages they are together once more as a household holding Susie in their Black Marias and heads everlastingly. Probably for Ellen her felicity besides was to see her pa died, so he was non traveling to ache her excessively as he did with her ma. Ellen s ma disease disappear when she died excessively, after that Ellen does non hold to worry about what her pa can make to her ma, she does non hold to be following to her ma while she is enduring for her wellness. Now, the lone individual who she has to take attention is herse lf. Ellen besides had to take attention of her ma s ma and even when she bothers Ellen, Ellen does non bear any score and forgive her taking attention of her until she dies. Happiness is followed by forgiveness, merely when we have our bosom in peace without choler, heartache or score we are able to bask what destiny has in shop for us. As it was said before, one twenty-four hours a individual can come to our lives and alter it everlastingly. In The Lovely Bones, Ruth another of import character in the novel is the 1 who Susie touched when she was traveling to her Eden and it creates a connexion between them. On twenty-four hours Ruth speaks aloud I ve written verse forms for you, Ruth said, seeking to acquire me to remain with her. What she had wished for her whole life occurrence, eventually. Do nt you desire anything, Susie? she asked. ( pag 295 )[ 12 ]Ruth knows and feels Susie life in her universe, Ruth besides experiments the parallel universe composing about Susie s life believing she can be Susie. Ruth believes there is a parallel universe where Susie is and that she can listen to everything she says to Susie. Ruth offers Susie her aid to do Susie life once more what she neer was able to populate. One twenty-four hours Susie felt in Ruth s organic structure and after whishing with all her bosom another buss from Ray, the male child she ever likes, she had that chance. She describes the manner she feels her bosom sizing up when he realizes it is non Ruth but Susie who is following to him. Ray besides gives her the opportunity to see love and felicity, he allows her to do love to him. They spend clip together and Susie accomplishes one of her dreams. At least one of those she will neer accomplish. In the book Ellen Foster, the chief character discoveries hope when she sees for the first clip the adult female she wants as her new ma. And the following twenty-four hours was Sunday oh the twenty-four hours I went to church and figured that adult female with all the misss lined up by her had to be the new mamma for me. ( pag 98 )[ 13 ]This adult female brings her new outlooks of life and Ellen after holding a battle with her cousin and her aunt makes a determinations to make up ones mind by her ain, she takes her bags and goes outside to happen that adult female who accepts her and makes her happy. Inside the snow Earth on my male parent s desk, there was a penguin have oning a red-and-white-striped scarf. When I was small my male parent would draw me into his lap and range for the snow Earth. He would turn it over, allowing all the snow collect on the top, so rapidly invert it. The two of us watched the snow autumn gently around the penguin. The penguin was entirely in at that place, I thought, and I worried for him. When I told my male parent this, he said, Do nt worry Susie ; he has a nice life. He s trapped in a perfect universe. ( Page 3 )[ 14 ] Alice Sebold wrote this paragraph at the beginning of her book The Lovely Bones, Susie expresses how since she is a small miss she cares about person else s feelings, in this instance the penguin s. She thinks how entirely he can be and her pa tells her the penguin has a beautiful life where cipher can destruct his peace. The penguin can besides hold a parallel universe where he looks rather but snow around him can be the jobs where he is involved. Ellen Foster lives her childhood in this manner, a small miss does non hold anything to be worried about, but that is a prevarication of life. As the penguin was entirely, she besides is entirely in this life but she does an attempt to happen her felicity. Since we are kids we imagine a perfect universe where we will turn up in a happy environment and we will be happy like in fairy narratives but how close we are to populate in this manner is ever unsure. Sometimes, we neer think earnestly that our life can be interrupted or changed drastically and we could non hold the chance to make up ones mind by ourselves any longer or that all our dreams can travel to the trashcan. Populating through other people s life or through the errors other people did is non something we deserve, that is why when we live in a parallel universe we do non desire for us seeing the life positively helps us to carry through our ends and happen felicity. Carolina Vargas Loranca

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Global Alliances Tourism Essay Essays

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Global Alliances Tourism Essay Essays The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Global Alliances Tourism Essay Essay The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Global Alliances Tourism Essay Essay As a affair of endurance, air hoses within the current environment are invariably reexamining and changing their schemes. An of import constituent of any air hoses scheme to stay feasible and maintain competitory advantage in today s scene is to pool resources and portion hazard, known as an confederation. A wide definition of an confederation that occurs in the air power industry is the coaction between two or more houses that retain their liberty during the class of their relationship ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004 ) . To that terminal, there are certain fluctuations of air hose confederation in trend today, in peculiar the Global Airline Alliance. Get downing with a outline and designation of these confederation groups, the treatment will travel to a choice and analysis of benefits and defects that can be associated with planetary confederations from a concern and consumer position. From here, an grasp will be gained of the major air hose confederations and typical principle of confederation schemes. Presently, the most popular signifiers of alliance in the air hose concern are the non-equity selling confederations known as Airline Alliance Groups ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004 ) or Global Multicarrier Alliances ( Cools A ; Roos, 2005 ) . At the present clip, the chief planetary multicarrier confederation webs are Star Alliance, One World, and Skyteam ( UBM, 2010 ) . These confederations are preponderantly a monolithic planetary web of many-sided codesharing and joint resource Air Service Agreements ( ASA s ) between bearers. This allows a cardinal point of contact for the rider to guarantee a convenient, smooth and efficient worldwide travel experience ( Star Alliance, 1997 ) . Although single air hoses are aligned under the umbrella of a individual corporate entity, distinguishable air hose trade name individualities and civilizations are retained. These confederations have set out to revolutionize seamless air travel for the international rider from hub to hub and beyond. A dditionally, the synergisms created were merely possible due to astute administration of antecedently implausible coaction. To that terminal, air hose pudding stones now understand The best manner to bring forth existent concern growing and enlargement is by hammering the appropriate strategic partnerships ( Borovich A ; Yeheskel, 2001 ) . From an air hose concern position, rank in a planetary confederation has one distinct, instantaneous and strategic advantage. Almost nightlong, all member air hoses geographic path constructions will hold expanded without dearly-won capital investing in substructure and assets. This allows air hoses to serve paths that were antecedently deemed non-profitable or unaccessible, albeit on other confederation members aircraft. This complementary confederation ( Oum A ; Park, 1997, as cited in Chen A ; Ross, 2000, p. 328 ) has the flow on consequence of bring forthing untapped markets within the domestic environment and giving higher burden factors for all confederation members aircraft operations. Henceforth, this produces larger grosss which in bend diminishes overhead costs and maintains more efficient air hoses by take downing unit cost base ( Doganis 2001, p. 76 ) . While this contributes to variegation and larger net income borders for join forcesing air hoses, the traveler can be confident airfare cost will stay comparatively sensible presuming competition remains feasible on any given path. This is a good result for all involved, both air hose concerns and the consumer. A comparable illustration where confederations between two air hoses runing on the same path is nevertheless, considered anti-competitive ( Chen A ; Ross, 2000, p 328 ) . Here the viing air hoses could strike a codeshare agreement, typically after a tenuously long and drawn-out conflict trying to derive market portion. This is routinely known as a parallel confederation ( Oum A ; Park 1996, p. 190 ) , nevertheless this is unluckily likely to ensue in trust type monetary value repair. This signifier of confederation by and large benefits the air hoses as it narrows competition and has a leaning to make a higher demand for a peculiar service, hence higher airfares ( Chen A ; Ross, 2000, p 328 ) . Conversely, the pre-alliance scenario using capacity dumping ( NZ Parliament, 2006 ) , where supply exceeds demand, merely net incomes the consumer with laughably low and unsustainable airfares. This constantly serves to beef up the dominant market leader s place by financially extingui shing the competition in the long term. These types of confederation are built-in of marauding behavior with really small consumer benefit and necessitate antimonopoly unsusceptibility ( Bilotkach, 2005, p. 168 ) . An illustration of this type of agreement within the planetary confederation webs does be, although on the extremely competitory North Atlantic path between Lufthansa and United Airlines ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004, p. 23 ) . While codesharing is one arm with which to distill costs, create better borders and keep a moderately priced service, it is non the lone resource available to profit allying spouses and the consumer. One merely needs to see any of the planetary air hose web s web sites to see a big graduated table joint selling experience. Consequently, Extensive market presence plays an indispensable function in major air hoses programs for endurance and prosperity ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004, p. 113 ) , and this influence is an effectual tool when multiple powerful trade names are combined. For the smaller air hoses within the confederation groups, association with some of the mega-carriers entirely is a sufficient selling device to increase acknowledgment and augment rider Numberss. This is merely a instance of if riders do non happen you, they will non wing you ( Bammer, 2000, as cited in Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004, p. 121 ) . For the bigger bearers in the group, enhanced economic syste ms of graduated table ( Doganis, 2001, p. 76 ) , range and denseness ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004, p. 39 ) beckon, to supply growing rapidly while extenuating a host of regulative and economic barriers. This coincides with the planetary confederation construct To lend to the long-run profitableness of its members beyond their single capablenesss ( Star Alliance, 2010, p. 6 ) . Another advantage of such extended market sway is the corporate consumable and plus buying power. Doganis provinces, the Star Alliance group is estimated to salvage between five to seven per centum each twelvemonth with this scheme ( 2001, p. 78 ) . In contrast, these combined selling regimens can be inflexible and coerce a loss of single trade name individuality. As the planetary confederation trade name builds its ain features, it will be perceived by the client to present a certain outlook, and if non all of the confederation members fit the theoretical account, they may be forced to compromise their ai n individualities to conform, or hazard being extricated. This is known as the Domino consequence ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004, p. 17 ) . The air hoses are non the exclusive profiteer from this huge selling onslaught. Customer satisfaction, keeping and relationship quality is the mark of any selling scheme, and with vastly big planetary trade names and reputes at hazard, criterions will ever be under examination. The consumer perceptual experience of these confederation groups is that of a seal of quality ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004, p. 39 ) , and all members are logically required to demand some consistence over the service spectrum. To that terminal, the planetary confederation groups have combined value adding resources to run into or transcend the outlooks of the high value international traveler ( Star Alliance, 2010, p. 6 ) . Some pertinent illustrations are: precedence check-in, sofa entree, extra luggage allowances, precedence embarkation, planetary ticketing, common terminuss and precedence luggage managing. As aforesaid, the consistence and fluctuation with which these extra benefits are delivered can supply a possible drawback. Merchandises vary from trade name to trade name, for illustration ; Air New Zealand has a premium economic system place ( Star Alliance, 1997 ) , of which non all air hoses utilise. A client that purchases this place winging from New Zealand to Germany with confederation codeshare spouse Lufthansa ( McCaw, 2010 ) , would in all likeliness be downgraded to an economic system place from England or the United States. Furthermore, differing civilizations can besides play a function with service bringing. Once once more, the client winging from New Zealand to Germany may bask the relaxed Kiwi attitude, but may be overwhelmed by the clinical and formal German attack, or frailty versa. Henceforth, Kleymann and Seristo suggest successful trade name image and client fulfillment is peculiarly relevant to quality and consistence of service ( 2004, p. 121 ) . Global confederations offer many joint benefits to consumers from air hoses thriving within their ain niche, which could non be possible without trust on international spouses. While the phenomenon of globalization is a world and people seek to distill and simplify work, clip and travel experiences, planetary air hose confederations fit the mold as a reaction to seek balance. At present, the regulations of international air power preserve sovereignty and do non back a genuinely competitory environment. While grandfathering commissariats of set downing rights at major airdromes and governmental influence in survivability of flag bearers ensues, the lone room for growing from mugwumps is to conspire. At this point in clip, planetary confederations serve the demands of both consumers and air hose concerns. As with every determination, there are good and bad effects and non all picks will satisfy everyone. Global alliances endeavour to fulfill the bulk, while prolonging the hereafter of the confederation members to supply a utile service. Until all states relax regulations around freedoms of the air and air hose foreign ownership, so as to supply a echt unfastened skies policy, these mega-conglomerates will boom. Word Count: 1343

Direct Object Pronouns in Italian

Direct Object Pronouns in Italian â€Å"I’m reading a book. I’m reading the book for my Italian course. My husband bought the book as well because he is taking the same course.† When you read the three sentences above, they sound pretty choppy and that’s because instead of using a pronoun, like â€Å"it,† the person speaking is just saying â€Å"book† over and over again. This is why pronouns, and in this particular case, direct object pronouns are such an  important topic to understand in Italian. What is a direct object? A direct object is the direct recipient of the action of a verb. Let us explain that with some more examples. I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? → The boys.He reads the book. What does he read? →   The book. The nouns boys and books are both direct objects because they answer the question what? or whom? When you study verbs in Italian, you may often see a note about whether a verb is transitive or intransitive. While there is a lot to know about those verbs, I want you to simply note that verbs that take a direct object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not take a direct object (she walks, I sleep) are intransitive. As we saw in our first example, direct object pronouns exist because they replace direct object nouns. I invite the boys. I invite them.He reads the book. He reads it. Here’s what direct object pronouns (i pronomi diretti) look like: SINGULAR PLURAL mi me ci us ti you (informal) vi you (informal) La you (formal m. and f.) Li you (form., m.) Le you (form., f.) lo him, it li them (m. and f.) la her, it le them (f.) Where do direct object pronouns go? A direct object pronoun is placed immediately before a conjugated verb. Se vedo i ragazzi, li invito. - If I see the boys, I’ll invite them.Compra la frutta e la mangia. - He buys the fruit and eats it. In a negative sentence, the word  non  must come before the object pronoun. Non la mangia. - He doesn’t eat it.Perchà ¨ non li inviti? - Why don’t you invite them? The object pronoun can also be attached to the end of an  infinitive, but note that the final –e of the infinitive is dropped. È importante mangiarla ogni giorno. - It is important to eat it every day.È una buona idea invitarli. It’s a good idea to invite them. FUN FACT: You’ll notice that when you use a direct object pronoun in the  past tense that it will often connect with a  conjugation of the verb â€Å"avere†. For example, â€Å"Non l’ho letto - I didn’t read it†. The â€Å"lo† connects with â€Å"ho† and creates one word â€Å"l’ho†. However, keep in mind that the  plural forms li and le never connect with any conjugations of the verb â€Å"avere†, like â€Å"Non li ho comprati - I didn’t buy them†. You may also see: M’ama, non m’ama. (Mi ama, non mi ama.). - He loves me, he loves me not.Il passaporto? Loro non (ce) l’hanno (lo hanno). - The passport? They don’t have it. Which verbs take a direct object? A few Italian verbs that take a direct object, such as ascoltare, aspettare, cercare, and guardare, correspond to English verbs that are used with prepositions (to listen to, to wait for, to look for, to look at). That means that you don’t have to use â€Å"per - for† when saying â€Å"Who are looking for?† in Italian. A: Chi cerchi? - Who are you looking for? B: Cerco il mio ragazzo. Lo cerco gi da mezz’ora! - I’m looking for my boyfriend. I’ve been looking for him for half an hour! What about â€Å"ecco†? â€Å"Ecco† is often used with direct object pronouns, and they attach to the end of the word to mean â€Å"here I am, here you are, here he is†, and so on. Dov’à ¨ la signorina? – Eccola! - Where is the young woman? – Here she is!Hai trovato le chiavi? – Sà ¬, eccole! - Have you found the keys? – Yes, here they are!Eccoli! Sono arrivati! - Here they are! They arrived!Non riesco a trovare le mie penne preferite - Eccole qua amore! - I can’t find my favourite pens.- Here they are honey!

Interview A Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interview A Manager - Assignment Example In its long journey Coca Cola has done many mergers and acquisitions which have contributed a lot in the growth and development of the company. The firm operates its business through franchise distribution. It only manufactures the syrup and then sent it to various bottling partners. In many places the company itself owns many bottlers. Manager is an important person of an organization. He plays a vital role in planning and directing works to its subordinates. He develops important strategies for growth and development of the company. Under his guidance the company performs vital tasks. The manager has the power to hire and fire employees working under him. He has the authority to judge the performance of its subordinates and give promotion to them. He is the person responsible for administrating and controlling the functions of the organization. A company has different types of manager’s accordi9ng to its divisions. One of the famous managers of Coca Cola is Brandon M. Buchanan. He is with the company for past 17years. For past 1year 3 months he holds the position of District Sales manager of Coca Cola. Brandon M. Buchanan feels pride for working in Coca Cola. In 1996 he joined the company. Now he holds the position of district sales manager. It is a large store in Phoenix, Arizon. As a manager of this store he has to execute sales for generating more revenue. He supervises different promotional activities of the store in Arizon district. It helps to influence the sales figure of that region. He plays a vital role in developing the market for the products of Coca Cola through building community relationship. One of its important job responsibilities is to train and develop its subordinates for achieving the goals and objectives of District Sales Team. He assists its team members in innovating and developing new business plans and opportunities. Brandon M. Buchanan set up and delivers profit and budgeted volume at the

How to be a better writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

How to be a better writer - Essay Example Also, several books are available to teach these principles. Once the principles have been learnt, then one needs to develop vocabulary. Learning some new words on daily basis is a very good practice and causes one’s vocabulary to expand. This helps in writing because one knows what the exact word that should be used in a sentence to convey the meaning as one intends to be conveyed to the audience is. These days, dictionaries both in book form and those available online are very good sources of vocabulary building. Once sufficient vocabulary has been built, one should practice writing papers of each type. In the start, it will take time. But as time passes, one will develop speed and will be able to write more in less time. Also, the quality of writing may not be very good in the start, but as one practices more, the quality of writing starts to improve. One needs to practice writing daily to achieve

How Social Media is Transforming Events Marketing Management Essay Example for Free

How Social Media is Transforming Events Marketing Management Essay It is believed that social media began prior to the evolution of the internet. The telephone was the first tool of social media that gave people the chance to socialize and gather information. However, at the turn of twentieth century, online communication became popular among various groups of society. People began to get into virtual communication with the use of cellular phones and computers. Social networking became popular because it was a venue to draw people towards one another. This was also very universal and its popularity was not limited to a certain age group. Amazingly, social networking and social media â€Å"become part of mainstream culture and the business world† (â€Å"History†). It was observed that social media became very valuable not only in socializing and information gathering but also in business where there has been greater dependence on the use of internet in promoting and marketing of products and/or services. Social media has provided the modern world with easy access to information, socialization and entertainment in the fastest way possible through the advancement of technology. Interestingly, the networks have become highly interactive and user-friendly that even a neophyte could easily learn to operate it in a short period of time. Social media has transformed into a powerful means of communication using numerous gadgets which have caught the interest of a larger number of people, the business practitioners take advantage of it to broaden the scope of their marketing. Truly, with the emergence of social media where people can communicate interactively with one another regardless of distance, business has been given a special place and opportunity to advertise or promote their business to a much bigger populace. Most authors have recognized the definition of social media provided by Wikipedia as the initial source of information about it. Gradually, different definitions have been formulated to increase people’s awareness of its definition. Safko and Brake mentioned that social media â€Å"refers to activities, practices, and behaviors among communities of people who gather online to share information, knowledge, and opinions using conversational media† (2009: 6). On the other hand, Evans has an expanded definition of social media. He stated that â€Å"Social media is the democratization of information, transforming people from content readers into content publishers. It is a â€Å"shift from a broadcast mechanism to a many-to-many model, rooted in conversations between authors, people, and peers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2008: 33). The author acknowledged various forms of communication utilized in social media such as â€Å"internet forums, message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, picture and video† (2008: 33). Later on, it expanded to include â€Å"blogs, picture-sharing, blogs, wall-postings, email, instant messaging, music-sharing, group creation and voice over IP. † Social media has a vast potential as a channel through which promotional activities will be forwarded to its users. Social media’s unique features make it very usable and functional in marketing events. Evans stated that it is â€Å"fundamentally different from traditional media† (2008: 33) known as newspaper, television, books, and radio. Social media is interactive media. This is one advantage of social media over traditional media. Other advantages include: (1) it has different social online channels, (2) it changes over time, and (3) it is participative. The power to influence the audience is what makes social media appealing to business practitioners. Social media is real. Existing right in front of the computer communicating genuinely in a personal way to the customer about a product is very advantageous for those who are using social media in marketing or in public relation campaign. Given the real nature of social media, event marketing has come to its new shape. At the same time, event marketing has begun to utilize the services of social media in marketing and promotion. Though at some point, they cater to similar interests; that is, individual interaction and the participation of people with the company’s representatives. Pomer, on the issue of integrating event marketing and social media, described event marketing as a strategy â€Å"which focuses on face-to-face interaction by attending, sponsoring and speaking at trade shows, industry meet-ups, etc† (par. ). Bowdin, Allen and O’Toole described strategic event marketing as â€Å"the process by which an event organization aligns business and marketing objectives and the environments in which they occur, with marketing activities that fulfill the needs of event consumers† (2006:184). Event marketing has come to its new shape through social media influence No one could deny how soci al media, being a vehicle of information and communication, has transformed event marketing into a more meaningful and highly strategic promotional activity. In Bulmer’s article on the impact of social media on business, he stated that the trend today is to â€Å"build a network or use social media to deepen customer intimacy† (par. 1). Social media has been used these days without acknowledging this fact as Bulmer put it. He emphasized that, the ability of social media to â€Å"change behavior †¦ and †¦ to impact a professional’s decision-making processes† is the real essence of success in using this in business. Practically, social media’s approach in dealing with the audience in a genuine and an interactive manner somehow influences the approaches of event management to its customers. Event marketing management therefore becomes livelier, customer-oriented, interactive, personal, and dependent on audience feedback. There are several reasons for this. First, admittedly, as Shone and Parry pointed out that â€Å"human society is complex and interactive† (2004: 50). It means that regardless of culture, different societies celebrate in diverse ways, from the ancient period to the modern times, from a traditional way to a technological way; it makes no difference as long as events involve people and celebration or activities. Shaping event management following the principles behind social media will help draw a lot of people to the message because there is interaction and exchange of communication. Secondly, various events such as festivities, wedding, etc. serve to â€Å"strengthen social bonds as well as to spread enjoyment around† (Shone Parry, 2004: 51). People’s primary intention for celebrating events publicly is to satisfy their longing for socialization and enjoyment. Thus, involving the community in events in such a way that they express inner satisfaction for socialization and enjoyment can make events management very successful. Shone and Parry stressed that without the â€Å"social contact that event often give, the feeling of isolation in society†¦ can be great† (2004: 51). Hence, event management must be in the context of the community’s perception of event celebration which is socialization and enjoyment. Given this, certain changes have been observed in conducting event marketing. Borges noted how businesses nowadays acknowledge social media as an â€Å"effective mechanism for reaching a target market† (2009: 57). He even emphasized that â€Å"myopic attitude† that a business executive has on social media will eventually lead him to lose the business. Moreover, a business executive having event marketing founded on social media will ultimately be â€Å"transparent, forthcoming, honest, sincere, and also to contribute something of worth† (Borges, 2009: 63). Since the events for the purpose of marketing require a group of community participation, the activities involved have had considerable improvement in terms of acceptable approaches in dealing with the community. The company’s marketing arm learns to be transparent, forthcoming, honest and sincere in everything they present before their audience. It is different from traditional marketing wherein its objective is purely making people buy or patronize a product using various ways to manipulate their decision-making. Hence, marketing an event for a product, presents live and active interaction and participation from the community online or offline. Event marketing management facilitates Social Media Marketing The great global financial crisis has brought to the mind of marketing managers the idea of utilizing social media in their promotional activities. The Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, Youtube, and many other social networking channels have been utilized for the purpose of marketing. The good news for marketing managers is that it is free. From the research findings presented by Bulmer in his article, he mentioned several impacts that social media has on business which helped transform event marketing to social media marketing. With such, he recognized the following findings: (1) decision making in the business world today is more social; (2) many professionals are using social networking sites particularly Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter; (3) many decisions have been drawn from information gathered through active users of social media; (4) many professionals trust the information they gather from the sites; (5) social media users have significantly increased in three years; and (6) many professionals collaborate well outside preferably using social media sites than within the organizational intranet (Bulmer). Hence, there is widespread recognition of the impact of social networking in business from the business world’s perspective. The growing business community participation in the online world proves the fact that â€Å"When you join a group online, you are joining a community† (Borges, 2009: 63). Social media started to become popular among groups of people for personal use primarily for communication purposes. Eventually, this became a good tool to interact, send greetings, and share information to friends. Most importantly, it had become a powerful instrument recognized to support the marketing arm of any business. Through social media, the way people do the business has transformed into ‘social sales’ because people believe in the power of online communication in mobilizing sales teams by building good relationship with customers. Shih recognized that social network marketing talks about the â€Å"breakthrough new marketing techniques made possible by online social networks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2009: 6). Some of these that she mentioned are: hypertargeting, enhanced ability to capture passive interest and conduct rapid testing and iteration on campaigns, social community engagement, and automated word-of-mouth marketing (Shih, 2009: 6). Furthermore, Tobin and Braziel emphasized that social media marketing plan is â€Å"based on engagement not traffic† (2008: 79) which means that this type of marketing focuses on â€Å"web events† or the interactions users have with features which could be in form of blogs, comments, post, video views, and many others. Importance of social media in marketing event Availing the use of social media for marketing purposes has a lot to offer to a business. Borges mentioned several benefits of social media aside from the fact that larger potential buyers who are receptive to new information and trend can be met through social network sites. Some of the benefits named are: low cost, brand building, staffing advantages, loyalty, level playing field, building trust, convergence of PR and social media for viral marketing, positive SEO benefits, quantifiable metrics, and educational (2008: 131-140). In terms of costs, social media requires a low budget which is almost free, for a service that values relationships. Brands are being built through a good content using the internet platform. Thus, it is simpler and appealing to consumers. Few, yet highly talented staff, who can work in an enjoyable work environment are needed when using social media because content is more important here. Using social media builds loyalty among internet users because of its being user-friendly. This is impossible to establish using advertisements and other promotional activities. Besides, all types of people can make use of it like anyone else regardless of economic or social status. Likewise, through a sincere voice in the content, the company can easily acquire trust from the people. In effect, social media as a PR tool can be an integral part of marketing activities. Furthermore, links attached to marketing in social media creates a bridge connecting to the company’s website thus increasing the chance of the customer browsing of the webpage. Learning is considered as one of the benefits of social media. Not only do the internet users learn but companies also learn. Armed with this information, social media has evolved from purely socialization and enjoyment to something highly beneficial to businesses. For this reason, there is no doubt for business executives to resort to using social media in one of the tools in marketing an event. Conclusion  Social media has begun existing without clear importance rather than for socialization and personal or group enjoyment. However, with the increasing popularity of social networking when the internet was introduced to the public in 1990, this form of social interaction gained remarkable importance not only among the general public but also among business groups locally and internationally. Indeed, the ability of the social media to satisfy the users with its personalized features, has led to the discovery that it could be a potential instrument in shaping the mind of the audience. Social media has unique characteristics. It can change perception, it is very appealing, and it is effective in marketing an event. However, any business executive who wants to use its service must understand how it serves the public. Its special features that draw people together from all walks of life are derived from an honest, transparent, forthcoming and sincere way of dealing with one another. This same way is expected among event marketers in order that marketing of events will be appropriate to users’ expectations.

Comparing Zolines Heat Death of the Universe and Calvinos Cosmicomics

Comparing Zoline's Heat Death of the Universe and Calvino's Cosmicomics  Ã‚   There is a fundamental dilemma that, presumably, each person faces as they begin to develop an understanding of their existence and identity which is something like, "What am I? Who am I? Where am I?" These questions are almost identical because they each address the same essential metaphysical issue of identity, "How and why Am I; why do I exist; what am I? What is the origin of I? Where am I going?" The answers to these difficult questions, whether intellectually satisfying or not, come in the form of cosmologies. Cosmologies create systems with which we understand the existence of the phenomenal world, and our own existence within it. They offer us a map, a concept, of our existence, tell us why we are here, where we are, and most often, where we are going. Of course, the most pervasive cosmologies are directly linked with particular religions, for religions are based upon the same issues: identity, origin, purpose, structure. However, this is not the domain of inquiry that I wish to pursue here, rather, I am interested in how the genre of Science Fiction creates, or recreates, cosmologies with which we might understand the universe and our individual meaning within it. How does SF create linguistic models of the cosmos, and what are the underpinnings of those cosmologies? If cosmological representations are created so that we can understand reality, in some sense, how is it done, and what questions do these cosmologies pose for the disciples thereof? I will look at two works in particular for this inquiry, Italo Calvino's short story cycle, Cosmicomics, and Pamela Zoline's short story, "The Heat Death of the Universe." I have chosen to focus my in... ...osmos may be infinitely vast and awesome, it is also as familiar as you are to yourself. Sources Cited Aldridge, Alexandra. The Scientific World View in Dystopia. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1984. Calvino, Italo. Cosmicomics. Trans. William Weaver. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968. Hume, Kathryn. "Science and Imagination in Calvino's Cosmicomics" Mosaic: a journal for the interdisciplinary study of literature. Winnipeg: Univ. of Manitoba, (34:1) 2001. Lefanu, Sarah. In the Chinks of the World Machine. Feminism and Science Fiction. London: The Women's Press, 1988. Suvin, Darko. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre . New Haven : Yale University Press, 1979. Zoline, Pamela. "The Heat Death of the Universe." 1967. The Heat Death of the Universe and Other Stories. Kingston, NY: McPherson & Co., 1988.

Comparison Between of Mice and Men Novel & Movie

Of Mice and Men Differences Between Movie and Book After having read the original version and the more recent film adaptation of John Steinbeck’s majorly successful novel, Of Mice and Men, the apparency of differences between the two is at times subtle while also being very obvious during different portions of the movie. In the film there are several major differences between the movie and the book with three being particularly apparent. We are shown the differences through the portrayals of characters, Lennie’s sanity and, simply, the scenes themselves.When watching the film, the first difference the viewer can see between the book and the movie is how the characters are portrayed. A notable example would be Carlson. In the film, Carlson seems to play a much larger part compared to the information given in the book about his character. He is introduced much sooner in the movie and appears to be a part of many more conversations. On the opposite side of Carlsons portray al is Crooks’. In the book Crooks is characterized as a much more active character.An example of this would be when Crooks interjects in the farmer’s conversation to let Slim know that he had finished preparing the tar for fixing the mule’s hoof. The filmmakers changed this scene so that Crooks was not involved at all and that George prepared the tar instead. Another massive difference between the book and the movie are the acts themselves. Going back to the previous point of Crooks and the tar, the scene when George took the mule into the barn to fix its hoof is altered drastically.The impression given to those who have read the book as well is that it was changed because Steinbeck used it as a way to flesh out Curley’s wife’s character. This scene was likely changed because there is no narrator and instead we are given a visual explanation of Curley’s wife through her actions. Also, almost the entirety of chapter four is removed or altered in the film. We are shown only a quick conversation between Crooks and Lennie which is interrupted by George who scolds Lennie for going into Crooks room. In the book, Crooks, Candy and Lennie all have a grand conversation about the farm and the dream of having their own land.Crooks opens up to the men and seems to leave his shell so to speak which is followed by Curley’s wife entering and tearing him down. This is a strange scene to leave out based on how important it seemed to be considering it shows more of Lennie’s character as well as Curley’s wife’s cruel side. Finally, at the end of the novel Slim, Curley and Carlson find Lennie dead and George with the gun in his hand. George lies and tells the men that Lennie had Carlson's gun and that he took the gun from Lennie shot him in the back of his neck.Slim tries to console George by telling him â€Å"You Hadda George. and the two walking away for a drink. Curley then asks Carlson what's bugging the t wo. This scene was completely cut out of the movie and replaced with George's flashbacks which seems very odd considering how important it was to the novel and the idea that not all dreams are meant to be. The final major difference between the movie and the book is Lennie’s personal sanity. In the book, the reader is given multiple instances clearly showing that Lennie is not totally there so to speak. The best example possible is when Lennie hallucinates about Aunt Clara and the giant rabbit.This scene is removed in the film and instead Lennie seems to just be a very confused person with a low thinking capacity. The film seems to try and have Lennie appear to be a character who is innocent and has just been dealt a bad hand in life. In the book, however, Lennie’s outbursts seem to be much darker in their description, particularly the murder of Curley’s wife. These three differences between the film and the novel are ways of seeing how the director of Of Mice a nd Men chose to show in a visual way some things differently from Steinbeck’s descriptions.One cannot expect an adaptation to be a complete carbon copy of the original it is based on and it would seem as though the film was successful in bringing out the meat of Steinbeck’s story. These changes could, to some, seem either miniscule or large depending on how the reader (now the watcher) interpreted the book. The movie also won critical acclaim and exposed many people to Steinbeck’s writing, something that would make people who disliked the film because of its differences appreciate it a bit more.

Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Essay

Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close encourages us to closely examine the time we have in our lives. We never know when the last time we will be seeing someone will be, we must be responsible with how we spend our time and we are responsible for the way we treat people. The message that is conveyed to me an abundance of times is to not take advantage of the time you have, because it ï ¬â€šies. This is represented on the pages with red ink (pages 208-216). The commas are circled as if they are a mistake. Commas represent a pause in the sentence, and with most of them circled it infers that time moves very quickly. The red pen pages, also represent looking closely at something. The circled red pen means that there is an error there and we must look closely to ï ¬ x it. Therefore the author wants us to closely look at the way we distribute time in our lives. 3) The unique narrative style in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close is chosen to further prove certain themes throughout the book. One way that this book is unique is the fact that it is ï ¬ lled with symbolic pages. The blank pages are a very strong way to express the themes in the novel. These pages thoroughly express points that Foer is trying to make throughout the novel. Page 121 is an example of a blank page, conveying the constant theme of emptiness. The blank pages represents Oskar’s grandmothers mind. She does not want to think about anything, she is suffering from loss and emptiness inside. The photos scattered throughout the book of doorknobs conveys another big message in the book. This message is one door closes, another door opens. Even though the protagonist is faced with a loss and is looking for closure, eventually he obtains the closure by meeting many new people to ï ¬ ll the empty space within him by literally opening new doors. This narrative style creates a more interesting thought provoking reading experience and that is why I believe Foer has chosen to include these symbolic pages. 4) Oskar, his grandmother, and the renter all have loss in common. They all have a feeling of emptiness inside them. Oskar’s father â€Å"died the most horrible death that anyone could ever invent† (201). Grandmother and the renter have both lost a son, and Anna. Grandmother’s husband â€Å"the next  morning he went to the airport† (185.) He had left her, she had lost him. Besides the common loss that they share, they all have issues involving thinking. The renter and Oskar have the problem of overthinking everything in their lives. The overloaded pages, like page 282 express the renters thoughts clouding up his head. The renter used thought as a reminder to let him know he was alive during the bombings of Dresden. He just would think and think to know that he was alive, his brain was overloaded. Oskar is similar with the fact that he could never stop his thoughts. Oskar expresses that â€Å"all [he] wanted was to fall asleep at night but all [he] could do was invent† (258). Oskar invents many different things, like â€Å"a teakettle that reads in Dad’s voice†(1) and many other things that just keep going through his mind.. Grandmother differed from them in thought, Grandmother would try not to think. She would write blank pages so that she did not have to think about a single thing like everything that has gone bad in her life. Although Grandmother relates to thinking in the opposite way, she still has thought in common with them.

Lempire de Napoleon Une Etape Logique essays

Lempire de Napoleon Une Etape Logique essays *note : you will have to add the accents yourself!!!* Pour beaucoup de personnes, le sujet de Napoleon Bonaparte, c'est a dire, la decision si son regne etait une chose positive ou une chose negative pour la France est un sujet sur lequel chaque personne a ses opinios fortes. On dit qu'il etait un des plus grands chefs militaires de toute l'histoire. Il est aussi vu comme dictateur qui cherchait seulement le pouvoir. Les deux opinios ont du merite. Si Napoleon desirait de la conquete il l'a atteinte par la concentration du pouvoir dans ses propres mains. Cependant, dans les etats qu'il a crees, Napoleon a accorde des constitutions, a introduit des coded civiles, a aboli le systeme feodale, a cree des gouvernements efficaces et a encourage l'education, la science, la litterature, et les arts. A mon avis, il n'a pas continue ou consolide la Revolution francaise, mais il a donne a la France des institutions et du pouvoir que la Republique n'etait pas assez puissante pour creer ou gagner. Au debut de sa carriere militaire Napoleon a aide la Republique dans ses victiores sur les royalistes, qui, soutenues par des armees etrangeres, se revoltaient contre-elle. Le jeune Napoleon a retabli l'ordre en France, et etait nomme premier consul de la Republique apres quelques victoires glorieuses en Egypte. Mais bientot il a saisi le pouvoir et s'est nomme empereur. Comme chef de la Grande Armee, Napoleon a conquis une grande partie du monde connu a cette epoque. Ses victoires a Austerlitz et a Iena sont commemorees par les noms des stations de metro a Paris. Nous voyons que les Francais avaient confiance en Napoleon, et etaient fiers de ses victoires, malgre le fait qu'il ne continuait la Republique. Ce nouvel empire n'etait ni une Republique, ni une monarchie absolue Le pouvoir etait donc a nouveau centralise dans les mains d'un seul homme, mais la Revolution et les origines de Bonaparte ...

Practical vs. Practicable

Practical vs. Practicable Practical vs. Practicable Practical vs. Practicable By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between practical and practicable? There’s a practical distinction, and I hope you will find my explanation practicable. The words both stem ultimately from the Greek term praktikos, meaning â€Å"practical.† However, while practical refers to something that is effective, useful, or easy to use, practicable means â€Å"something that is or could be done.† A practical idea is one that is sensible because it can be implemented, and a practical can opener, for example, is one designed to be easy to use. (The antonyms are impractical and impracticable.) The definition of practical is even more precise in the performing arts: A practical chair, for example, is one that is actually used in the course of the performance; a nonpractical chair is used as a set decoration but may not be functional. (For example, though it looks nice, it may be made of fragile materials and may not be strong enough for anyone to actually sit on.) Practical also shows up in the phrase â€Å"practical joke,† which derives from the rare sense of the verb practice that means â€Å"deceiving, or taking advantage of, someone.† Besides the verb form of practice, which means â€Å"rehearse or prepare, or to apply, or to habitually do something,† as well as â€Å"undertake professional work in† (as in the phrases â€Å"practice medicine† and â€Å"practice law†), and the noun equivalent, there are several other words stemming from the same Greek term. Practic, for example, is a rare adjectival and noun form meaning, respectively, â€Å"practical† and â€Å"practice,† and praxis refers to engaging in an art, science, or skill or to customary conduct, or to practical application of a theory. A practicum is a course of study in which clinicians or educators are supervised in practicing what they have already learned in theory. The adjective practiced means â€Å"expert,† and the adjective practicing has ordinary connotations related to the definitions of practice above but also applies to adhering to the customs of a religion. Malpractice, meanwhile, in medicine refers to improper care and in law applies to abusing a position of trust. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†How to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Proverb vs. Adage

Critique of Research Article Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique of Research Article - Term Paper Example Urinary Tract Infection refers to the presence of germs in the urinary tract. It is a very common type of infection like respiratory tract infection. Having a catheter within a urinary tract increases the chances of a urinary tract infection. It also makes it harder to treat the original infection for which catheter was using. Bacteria will grow in it if the urinary catheter is left in place for a long time. A large number of bacteria in the urinary tract may result in a harmful infection. Most catheters associated urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria. Wilson and Jenner (2007) stated: â€Å"The presence of a urethral catheter interferes with the natural mechanism. The urethral catheter is thus a major predisposing factor in urinary tract infections in health services.† (P: 217) Researches done in the filed of nursing practices improve the practice of nursing and health services along with raising the standards of the profession but not every research is properly don e and can be considered to bring a change in nursing practice. Such researches must be evaluated to estimate the worth of the study and the evidence provided in it to critically appraise the study. ... The study population here is the people experiencing urinary tract infection due to catheterization. The major outcome being measured is the occurrence of urinary tract infection due to the use of catheters. The aim of this study paper is to test the effectiveness of a â€Å"newly designed urine-collecting system containing an antibacterial device which slowly releases silver ions onto the inner surface of the system† to prevent or reduce the chances of UTIs due to the use of catheters. The purpose of this research is feasible, relevant, healing and interesting. The study provides an abstract of the complete study which gives a quick view of its objective, study population and the conclusion derived. The abstract is usually considered as an essential part of an article in order to convey its important points to users with very limited time. The writers divide the abstract into five parts i.e., objective, patients and methods, results, conclusions and keywords. Abstract also re veals the focus and important aspects of the study according to the researchers. The actual study begins with the part of introduction. The introduction part is important because it defines the problem that is to be resolved and the reason why it is important to resolve that particular problem. In a standard research study, this part is divided into three parts which are background, rationale, and conceptual framework of the study. But this paper does not provide such a consistent introduction. The introduction is lengthy and not divided into these formal parts. The next part in a standard research paper should have been the literature review which is a collection of information about former researches conducted in relevance with the topic of the research. However

College students need tax deductions - response to questionnaire Essay

College students need tax deductions - response to questionnaire - Essay Example Further, 7 (about 44%) of them stated that they do not work, i.e. they do not hold any sort of job, whereas 2 (about 12%) of them worked around 10 to 15 hours per week; 3 of them (about 19%) claimed that they worked 15 to 20 hours per week and the rest of them (about 25%) stated that they worked more than 20 hours per week. The findings show that a majority of the students does little to no work in the way of employment. When asked how many hours would suffice for them to afford college, about 19% said that they did not need work to afford college, and a similar percentage said that they had never thought about this question. Another 19% said that 20 hours per week would suffice, whereas 6% said that 15 hours and about 37% said that more than 20 hours per week would be sufficient. Around 44% of them stated that they had never thought about the tax rates for single college students, and an identical percentage stated that it is too high, only 2 (12%) thought that the current tax rate is reasonable. However, 100% of them would support a decrease in the current tax rate. Out of these, around 19%, about 12% and 50% wanted the tax rate to be reduced to 20 percent, 18 percent and 15 percent respectively, with about 6 percent stating that they did not want it changed. About 62% said that they found it hard to cope with their studies due to their work responsibilities whereas the other 48 or so percent did not have any such problems. When asked what problems they have had to face due to juggling work and studies together, the responses were quite varied: some of them simply stated that they do not work, whereas those who worked stated that their grades suffered, they were sleep deprived, had little to no social life, had professors who gave them extra work on weekends when they had to work most of the weekend, had a lack of concentration at both work and college as well as an unbalanced diet. In short there are

The decade of the 1860s saw the success of the nation-building efforts Essay

The decade of the 1860s saw the success of the nation-building efforts of Bismarck and Cavour in Germany and Italy, respectively - Essay Example Denmark, Austria, and France were against the development of Germany. Bismarck declared war against these countries. He ensured there are no external forces preventing the development of Germany. The Germans made him chancellor. He used his position to formulate laws that promoted economic growth. He dominated the political field and ensured there is no instability. Germans concentrated in developing the economy rather than participating in war. There was the need of morals and virtues in the nation, for it to grow. Bismarck passed legislation that made Catholic Church an official influence in Germany (McKay 98). He wanted the people to follow right morals and respect God. Many countries in the 1860s depended on the system of alliance for their survival (McKay 100). Bismarck ensured Germany consolidated its power in the European block. He created a system of alliances to tackle his competitors (McKay 30). Germany became powerful and it was easy for it to acquire important resources. Bismarck always collected taxes without the permission of parliament (McKay 200). He wanted to ensure his economic policies came to success. Germany grew because he united the liberal middle class and German nationalist. He knew how to distribute resources. Victor Emmanuel led Italy. Under his leadership, Cavour united Italy when he became prime minister. He wanted to see the economy of Italy grow. The newspapers were the tool Cavour used to spread his policies (McKay 45). He used the newspapers to bring unification in Italy. He wanted to be a superpower in Italy. Cavour wanted this to be a success by forming an alliance with France. He had command of the Italian army. Cavour used that opportunity to fight enemies of Italy’s alliance. Thus, Italy received much international support. The country grew significantly in the economic sector (McKay 111). Furthermore, unity is very important for the growth of a country. Cavour

The Architectural Theory of Semiotics

The Architectural Theory of Semiotics This essay will examine the architectural theory of semiotics and its relationship to the built work of Peter Eisenman, specifically his project titled House VI. This essay will define the theory of semiotics from Saussure through to Chomsky. It will then go on to describe how Peter Eisenman, influenced by the writings of Noam Chomsky would apply semiotic linguistic principles to his design process namely those of deep structure and also syntactic transformational; expression. In doing so Peter Eisenman would set architecture on the path towards breaking free from drawing as the main vehicle for design. Semiotics in architecture is the search for a deeper discourse with the built environment, a way of understanding the rich array of metaphor, ambiguity, rhetorical nuance and metonymy that can occur in architectural meaning. A meaning that does not change and evolve over time dependant on specific context, convention or simple accidents.[1] It is the attempt at better understanding of just how a building communicates. The general study of signs was known as semiology in Europe and semiotics in the United States, it is these theories that have been applied to graphic and visual communication. Both the theories of semiology and semiotics appeared around the same time in the early 1900s. This new scientific approach to language and signs was proposed in Europe by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) and parallel to this in the United States by Charles Sander Peirce (1839-1914). Both were looking at the fundamental building blocks and structure of language, and the necessary conditions for language to exist.[2] Ferdinand de Saussure theorised the synchronic approach, that language should not only be looked at in its historical context but also in how it relates to a specific moment independent of its developmental context.[3] Differentiating between language as a system of enabling communication and the way language is used by individuals through speech. Saussure sought to discover and better understand the underlying principles of language, the structure and signs that all languages share.[4] Both Saussure and Peirce sought to understand the structure of signs, looking at the structure would facilitate a better understanding of how meaning was extracted from a sign. Peirce looked at the relationships of the structures as a way of categorising the signs.[5]The categories that Peirce divided signs into were Icon, Index and Symbol. An Icon bears a physical resemblance to the thing it represents, an Index represents a direct link between sign and object, and a Symbol relies purely upon the reader of the sign having learnt the connection to the meaning. Saussure determined the meaning of a sign by using what he called value. What was important for Saussure was the relationship between signs in the same system. He took a positive versus negative approach judging a sign by not only what it means but what it doesnt mean in relation to something else. For example a book is not a magazine or film.[6] Semiotics looks at the oppositional relationship of things as key to communication and cognition, undestanding something by understanding what it is not.[7]This signification helps to categorise reality so we can understand it. However Saussure was only concerned with language at not the part of the reader of language in the process, which contrasts with Peirce who believed that the sign is affected by the person who is reading the sign. It would be Roland Barthes in the 1960s who would take this theoretical idea forward. Barthes saw the science of signs as encompassing a much broader range of systems than just language. Barthes linked semiotics to any system of signs no matter the content or limits of that system. Semiotic meaning can be derived from images, sounds, gestures and objects. The system of signification could cover many forms of social and ritual convention.[8] The semiotic theories would also start to link with architecture. Architecture being similar to language in that it too is system of signs. A very obvious example of this would be to compare a house to a hospital, both buildings give off different signs as to their function and purpose. Our ability to read this purpose occurs much in the same way as a book is read and understood.[9] To distinguish architecture from building requires an intentional sign which suggests that a wall is doing something more than literally sheltering, supporting, enclosing; it must embody a significance which projects and sustains the idea of wallness beyond mere use, function, or extrinsic allusion. Thus its paradoxical nature: the sign must overcome use and extrinsic significance to be admitted as architecture; but on the other hand, without use, function, and the existence of extrinsic meaning there would be no conditions which would require such an intentional act of overcoming.[10] The crossover of linguistic semiotic theory with architecture would occur more thoroughly around 1966 when Peter Eisenman began looking at the work of Noam Chomsky.[11] Eisenman at the time viewed both language and architecture and being made up of three semiotic categories, these being semantics, pragmatics and syntactics. These three categories contain similarities to Peirce and his division of signs into icon, index and symbol. Semantics refers to the relationship between form and icon, pragmatics form to function and syntactics the relationship of physical form to conceptual space.[12]Eisenman was also interested in another idea closely related to the early theories of semiotics, that of structuralism. Using structuralist principles to go beyond function in architecture to discover the innate order of things, subverting simplistic readings of space by adding complexity through architectural semiotics.[13] It was through the reading of Noam Chomsky that the idea of deep structure became apparent to Eisenman as a useful means of investigating architecture. This syntactical opposition of line, plane and volume generated a physical architecture from a series of abstract rules. The essence of Eisenmans theoretical musings at this time would be distilled into his Houses project. The most thorough exploration of this would occur in House VI. House VI was commissioned by Suzanne and Dick Frank. A small building, it would be one of Peter Eisenmans first built works. Construction would take place between 1972 and 1975.[14] The building acts as a record of the abstract series of rules used in the process of design, with the Chomsky influenced theories of syntax and deep structure crucial to the transformative process. The building would become the manifestation of a system of relationships, with the system acting as generator of both form and meaning. The semantic generator of form is replaced by the syntactic. [15]The axonometric drawings dont just represent the house they become the house. As Eisenman states The diagrams for House VI are symbiotic with its reality; the house is not an object in the traditional sense that is the result of a process-but more accurately a record of a process.[16] The priority of the drawings in considering the house remove the pressure placed upon a finished building to deliver complete meaning. The building forms only a part of the conversation, as technical drawings are used to enhance the experience. Drawings and finished building-the entire process- should be viewed holistically, each providing an important summation of the architectural intent.[17] The axonometric drawings reveal the starting point for the design of House VI and the syntactic structure that these would form. The starting point is a cube divided by a four square and nine square grid. Eisenman then starts a series of simple movements of this grid in the process creating two centres. The hierarchy of these overlayed patterns develops the expressive interrelationship.[18]However rather than a further refining of this relationship, instead Eisenman materialises the expressions of the inherent geometries through axonometric sketches which turn the competing axes of the four and nine square grid into walls or voids cutting through the building.[19] In House VI Eisenman attempts to move away from the idea of function as the driving narrative of design, and along with this the overarching human scale design considerations which restrict architecture. This moves Eisenman towards an autonomous architecture, a conceptual matrix[20] that fragments the relationship between concept and percept. House VI seeks to place the viewer not at the end point of design but instead engaged actively in continual intrepretation and reinterpretation of process. This engagement with the viewer enables a reanimation of the process, a conversation between the viewer and the building that undermines the physicality of House VI as an object instead making it an active part of its surroundings. The concept at odds with the viewers historical perception of a general solidity normally associated with building.[21] Eisenman attempted to introduce an architectural system free of external reference, autonomous, not restricted by function and the classical notion of architecture as referential to the human body. Eisenman saw traditional architectures primary concerns being semantic through the linking of physical indicators to the external meaning, form and function. He viewed the possiblities of a semantic architecture as having been exhausted by both modernist and classical architecture. To unlock new variations in architecture the syntactic dimension needed to played with. Semantic architecture sought solutions to problems and was dependent on preconceived external requirements.[22]Through his exploration of linguistic theory the semantic became absorbed by the syntactic. It was Eisenman interest in Noam Chomsky as mentioned earlier that gave him the knowledge base to theorise a generation of form previously undiscovered by both classicist and modernist architecture. Form in its syntactic nature led to an antifunctionalism that enclosed any meaning generated by the form back within itself, creating an interplay of oppositions and empty positions.[23] House VI can almost be seen as design itself, with the rules the of transformational process inscribed within the final object. What these explorations into syntax sought to achieve was a design not limited by cultural preconceptions of function. These preconceptions Eisenman theorised were limiting the developmental possibilities of architecture. How could a design be achieved without being slave to the aesthetic experiences of the architect? Removing ego would allow for an exploration into multiple manipulations never previously conceived. Eisenmans work is driven by the continual process of thinking and rethinking both philosophy and architecture. It is an attempt to broaden the critical search for inspiration away from the architectural precedent by incorporating other fields of inquiry into the discussion. This reactivation of architectural dislocation moves it away from the complacent relationship of tradition, extending the possible search parameters of occupiable form.[24] The architectural development of Eisenman as an architect can be seen a continued battle against complacency in the profession. Eisenman sees House VI as still having the ability to provide shelter, the main driving function of the house. However this need is not pushed to the point of romanticism and nostalgia. The living room does not require the need to have a beautiful view, columns in the dining area do not hinder any activity in that area nor do they aid functionally or decoratively the area. The design of House VI is not driven by the need to accommodate every whim of its occupants, it is driven by the syntactic rules set out at the project start.[25] Critics of Eisenmans work suggest that his writings describing his theories do not describe his design process in a concise manner, that they deliberately ambiguous in order to allow Eisenman to close a critical examination. It is suggested that Eisenman uses jargon and rhetoric as a way to control the critical debate, to conduct it on his own terms. Eisenman can be seen as distancing himself from his own work, through the claims of an autonomous design process, the object is separated from creator.[26] Mark David Major and Nicholas Sarris criticise Eisenmans theoretical writings and the objects they refer to by suggesting that the theories arent quite of the analytical quality that Eisenman would have us believe, and the objects express more traditional notion than Eisenman would like. This is their cloak and dagger theory of Eisenman and his architecture. They describe Eisenman of using theories that cannot be objectively used to discuss other architecture, perpetuating a myth of Eisenman as architectural genius. Major and Sarris go on to describe Eisenmans writings of House VI as being closer to what is the architectural ideal rather than pursuing an analytical discourse. They suggest that Eisenman is doing both architecture and himself an injustice because rather than seeking to expose the application of the elegant and simple rules of composition used in the design of House VI he instead obscures them with rhetoric. Finally they put forward that the rules that Eisenman has laid out for himself do not strictly limit the architectural possibilities open to him and that aesthetic and tradition considerations could still subconsciously influence the design.[27] House VI acts as a commentary on architectural form, the principles of composition and the processes involved. Eisenman uses House VI to highlight the historical failures of architectural composition by highlighting drawings hold over the profession, but in doing this he limits the scope of his critique to traditional drawing based architecture.[28]The problem with drawing being in its ability to describe or show process. A finished architectural drawing becomes an object rather than an act of design. What Eisenman was attempting to achieve with House VI was the display of the design process, however paradoxically by displaying the process he in turn made it an image. The images can be reanimated through writing but the process itself is doomed to ambiguity. Eisenman used House VI to push at the boundaries between process driven design and drawing, but was ultimately limited at this time due to drawing being his primary medium of communication.[29]Eisenman saw the reliance on drawing as stumbling block in his search to free architecture from its emphasis on form and function. What he achieved with House VI however was for the first time to bring the industries reliance on drawing into question. House VI with its grids used a traditional method of architectural practice common since the Renaissance, but he managed to turn that process in upon itself revealing a infinite possibilities in turn made form utterly meaningless. The shifting priorities of design were brought forward with House VI and in doing so Eisenman shifted the future of architectural practice. Eisenman through his study and introduction of semiotics sought to not only break free from the not only the cultural practices of his profession but also its limiting historical traditions. Drawings role in the design process reached a visibility not seen before in architecture. House VI helped to define the limitations of drawing on the design process, by using an approach such as semiotics and applying it to the design process, drawing was held up in the spotlight. This led to the questioning of the role of drawing and attempts to seek other modes of representation. What Eisenman achieved with House VI was to pave the way for computational design, this was by no means the original intent with the idea of using computers not even thought of at this stage.[30] But in opening the architectural discipline up through the science of semiotics and the syntactic approach of House VI he enabled and eased of that future possibility to take place. Eisenmans buildings encourage exploration in architecture through the non-traditional means not as the only course of action but instead as an important alternative. [1] (Mallgrave and Goodman 2011) [2] (Crow 2010)p7 [3] (Mitrovic 2011)p148 [4] (Crow 2010)p15 [5] (Crow 2010)p30 [6] (Crow 2010)p41 [7] (Hattenhauer 1984)p72 [8] (Crow 2010)p54 [9] (Davies 2011)p24 [10] (Patin 1993)p88 [11] (Patin 1993)p91 [12] (Patin 1993)p88 [13] (Chapman, Ostwald and Tucker 2004)p389 [14] (Luce 2010) [15] (Patin 1993) [16] (Luscombe 2014)p560 [17] (Luscombe 2014) [18] (Luce 2010)p127 [19] (Luce 2010)p129 [20] (Luscombe 2014) [21] (Luce 2010)p132 [22] (Patin 1993)p89 [23] (Patin 1993)p91 [24] (Benjamin 1989)p50 [25] (Benjamin 1989)p51 [26] (Major and Sarris 1999)p20.2 [27] (Major and Sarris 1999)p20.4 [28] (Luce 2010)p132 [29] (Luce 2010)p132 [30] (Luce 2010)p134 Bibliography Benjamin, Andrew. â€Å"Eisenman and the Housing Tradition.† Oxford Art Journal Vol.12, 1989: 47-54. Chapman, Michael, Michael J Ostwald, and Chris Tucker. â€Å"Semiotics, interpretation and political resistance.† Contexts of Architecture. Launceston: ANZAScA, 2004. 384-390. Crow, David. Visible Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics in the Visual Arts. Lausanne: AVA Publishing, 2010. Davies, Colin. Thinking About Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2011. Hattenhauer, Darryl. â€Å"The Rhetoric of Architecture: A Semiotic Approach.† Communication Quarterly, 1984: 71-77. Luce, Kristina. â€Å"The Collision of Process and Form.† Getty Research Journal No.2, 2010: 125-137. Luscombe, Desley. â€Å"Architectural Concepts in Peter Eisenmans Axonometric Drawings of House VI.† The Journal Of Architecture, 2014: 560-611. Major, Mark D, and Nicholas Sarris. â€Å"Cloak and Dagger Theory.† Space Syntax Second International Symposium. Brasilia: Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, 1999. 20.1-20.14. Mallgrave, Harry F, and David Goodman. An Introduction to Architectural Theory 1968 to the Present. Chicester: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. Mitrovic, Branko. Philosophy for Architects. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011. Patin, Thomas. â€Å"From Deep Structure to an Architecture in Suspense: Peter Eisenman, Structuralism, and Deconstruction.† Journal of Architectural Education (Taylor Francis, Ltd) 47, no. 2 (November 1993): 88. Sargazi, Mohammad Ali. â€Å"Explaining the Meaning of the Symbols in Architectural Semiotics and Discovery.† Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Vol 1, 2013: 129-134.