Concept Comparison and Analysis

Concept Comparison and Analysis Jessica Watts NUR 513 July 2nd, 2012 Coleen Lucas Concept Comparison and Analysis Core concepts are the basis for a theory or model; concepts help in the development of theories. Theorists have developed different models or  theories but have common core concepts. This paper will identify the core concept of ‘the role of nursing,’ which two theorists, Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson both utilized. We will compare and  analyze the concept definitions among both theorists, and discuss the practical use of Orem’s self care theory. Core ConceptThe core concept of ‘The role of nursing’ was used in both Dorothea Orem’s self care model and in Virginia Henderson’s nursing care model. Dorothea Orem’s definition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environmentsà ¢â‚¬  (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 4). Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing is â€Å"assisting individuals to gain independence in relation to the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery† (Timetoast, 2011).Their theories in relation to the concept differ where Orem’s concept requires the patient to have a self deficit and in need of nursing care or support; while Henderson’s concept states that nursing is required regardless if the patient is sick or healthy. The concepts are also similar in the fact that they both support the patient is regaining optimal health. Their concepts are applicable in different nursing settings because the goals of each are the same. Orem’s Self Care Theory—MetaparadigmsWithin Orem’s self care theory, there are five metaparadigms: nursing, health, environment, human being, and nursing client. Orem views nursing as an art, a helping service, and a technology. Orem’s de finition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 3). Orem encompasses the patient’s, the physician’s, and the nurse’s perspective of the patient’s health condition.Her goal of nursing is to make the patient and members of the patient’s family capable of meeting the patient’s self care needs, maintain an optimal state of health, to regain previous state of health after an illness or disease, and to decrease the effects of a chronic illness. Orem uses the terms ‘health’ and ‘healthy’ to describe living things ; â€Å"it is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound, in conjunction, with physiological and psycho-physiological mechanisms and a material structure in relation to and interacting with other human beingsâ⠂¬  (Current Nursing, 2010, para. ). Orem’s environment is the elements, conditions, and components within the environment. According to Orem a human being â€Å"has the capacity to reflect, symbolize and use symbols; a unity that can function biologically, symbolically, and socially† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 5). A nursing client is a human being who has health related or derived issues that cause them to be incapable of continuous and complete self care; they are the focus, only when their self care needs exceed their self care capabilities. Theory of Self CareOrem’s definition of self care is the â€Å"practice of activities that the individual initiates and performs on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well being† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 12). The human ability to engage in self care is determined by age, developmental state, life experience, social and cultural orientation, health, and available resources. Orem describes three self care requisites; universal self care requisites, developmental self care requisites, and health deviation of self care; all are directed towards the provision of self care.Universal self care requisites are the maintenance, provision, balance, prevention, and promotion of human functioning. â€Å"Developmental self care requisites are associated with developmental processes derived from a condition or associated with an event† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 14), for example adjusting to a new job or adjusting to bodily changes, such as menopause. Health deviation self care is required in conditions of illness, disease, or injury. Health deviation is seeking, securing, modifying, learning, and effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures. Theory of Self Care DeficitOrem’s theory of self care deficit specifies when nursing is needed. â€Å"Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 16). Orem’s created five methods of helping; which are acting for and doing for others, guiding others, supporting one another, providing an environment that promotes personal development, and teaching one another. Theory of Nursing Systems Orem describes how the patients self care needs will be meet by the nurse, patient, or both in her theory of nursing systems. The design and elements of a nursing system defines the scope of nursing responsibility in health care situations, defines general and specific roles of nurses and patients, and defines reasons for nurses’ relationship with patients† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 17). Orem recognized that members of the health profession usually develop specialized technologies. â€Å"A technology is systematized information about a process or a method for affecting some desired result through deliberate practical endeavors, with or without use of materials or instruments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 17).Concept of Orem’s Theory Orem interrelates concepts in such a way, that it creates a different perspective of a particular phenomenon. Orem’s theory is logical, simple, and generalizable; and is a basis to test hypotheses. â€Å"It contributes to and assists in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 21). According to Orem, her theory in Current Nursing, 2010, can be used by practitioners to guide and improve their practice and it must be consistent with other validated theories, principles, and laws. MajorAssumptions, Strengths, and Limitations According to Current Nursing, 2010; some major assumptions of Orem’s theory are: people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and their family; people are distinct individuals; nursing is a form of action and interaction betwee n two or more people; successfully meeting universal and developmental self care requisites is an important component of primary care prevention; knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self care behaviors; and self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio- cultural context.Some strengths to Orem’s theory, according to Current Nursing, 2010; are: it provides a comprehensive base to nursing practice; it has utility for professional nursing in the areas of nursing practice, education, administration, and research; specifies when nursing is needed; and Orem’s self care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance today. As with any theory there are always limitations to its use; Orem’s theory’s major limitation is that her theory is illness oriented and only calls for nursing care when there is an illness present. Global health care needs, as identified by clinicians or pa tients/consumers, are addressed through the generation of research evidence that is effective, but also feasible, appropriate and meaningful to specific populations, cultures and settings† (The Joanna Briggs Institute, 2011). Concepts are the bases for a theory or model and aide the development of theories. The common concept discussed in this paper was the role of nursing, which is common and essential to Orem and Henderson’s theory.Orem believed that a patient needed to have a self deficit for nursing care while Henderson believed in nursing care whether the patient was healthy or ill. While each theorist had different definitions of the role of nursing, both had the same concept of nursing care. â€Å"Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings.Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocac y, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles† (Definition of Nursing, 2010). Orem’s self care model demonstrated the role of nursing in caring for an individual with a self care deficit and/or illness. Nursing interventions help individuals regain optimal health and well-being.References Current Nursing. (2010). Dorothea Orem’s Theory. Retrieved from http://currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory. html Definition of Nursing. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. icn. ch/about-icn/icn-definition-of-nursing/ Timetoast. (2011). Breif history of Nursing. Retrieved from http://www. timetoast. com/timelines/22792 The Joanna Briggs Institute . (2011). Retrieved from http://www. joannabriggs. edu. au/JBI%20Approach

Dogma essays

Dogma essays According to the Catholic encyclopedia Dogma signifies an opinion or that which seems true to a person; sometimes, the philosophical doctrines or tents and especially the distinct philosophical doctrines. The main character of the movie is Bethany whom is a catholic that doesnt enjoy attending church and is questioning her faith, which she apparently lost when she was a young child. She is portrayed as the Hero in the movie. As the movie goes on we learn that she is a distant blood relative of God. At the beginning of the movie she is visited by Metatron, which is the voice of God. He claims he is in the highest choir of Angels, after coming into Bethanys room in a cloud of flames as he tells her about the prophets she is going to meet. In Dogma Metatron is what seems to be a Herald for he is the announcer of the events to take place. As Bethany continues on her voyage she meets two prophets, who do not fit the description of any biblical figures for they talk about sex, smoke drugs and use vulgar language. The journey that Bethany takes is one to New Jersey hoping to follow Metatrons instructions to stop two rebellious angels from entering a church which would then allow them back into heave. She then meets Rufus the movies fictional thirteenth apostle. Rufus is portrayed as a mentor in the movie Dogma. Rufus leads Bethany on her journey and although his features are not old which is commonly seen in a mentor he speaks wisely in the manor of faith and morals. Cardinal Glick can be considered the threshold guardian for they have to try and get him to stop the rededication ceremony of the church. There are many themes we see throughout the course of the movie Dogma. The movie is based on Religion-vs-Faith. In this I mean that it is question what is religion and the meaning of faith. We are consistently reminded in the movie that there has been a fall from good to evil. This i...

Writing Contests and Competitions

Writing Contests and Competitions Writing Contests and Competitions Writing Contests and Competitions By Daniel Scocco This page will be updated regularly with the latest writing contests and competitions from around the web and the world! Make sure to bookmark it. If you are promoting a writing contest, or are aware of one that is not listed here, please send the details to info@dailywritingtips.com and well include it here as soon as possible. Last update: 08/24/2016 Upcoming Contests and Competitions Name: Atlantis Short Story Contest Prizes: $450 total, first prize is $300 Entry fee: starts from $10 Deadline: November 30, 2016 Description: Authors from all around the world are welcome to enter the one and only contest that offers a criqitue for every participating story! Name:

Absolute Thresholds and Differential Thresholds

Thus, the differential threshold is a relative concept. Weber’s law (1834) states the positive relation between the first stimulus and the second stimulus. The greater the initial stimulus, the stronger the additional intensity need for the second stimulus to be perceived as different. Absolute thresholdDifferential threshold Amount of stimulusOne stimulusTwo stimuli MeasurementDistance between stimulus and nothingDistance between two stimuli Compare between absolute threshold and differential threshold, absolute threshold just include one stimulus while differential threshold include two. In measurement, absolute threshold measures the distance between stimulus and nothing while differential threshold measures the distance between two stimuli. As I am a marketing student, therefore, the first thing which comes to my mind when I am trying to start off with this piece of journal is that, do these differences between the two thresholds matter with marketers’ marketing strategies? And after I do some research on the internet and with my personal experience, I am quite sure that it does matter. The importance of two thresholds can be different to marketers under different situations. Absolute thresholdDifferential threshold Advertising ElementsExposure, Size, ColorAdvertising quality PeopleInvolvement, motivation, attention, attitude Concerning advertising elements, absolute threshold focuses on exposure, size, color, etc to attract target customers’ attention while differential threshold focuses on the advertising quality appear to customer in order for them to percept the different between those. These two thresholds are based on different people and are closely related to their involvement, motivation, attention, attitude on the particular good or service. So different people will have different threshold when percept the same object. When a firm launches a new product or a new brand emerges in the market, this is when the absolute threshold is more important to marketers. Because absolute threshold measures the minimum intensity that the customers can percept, as the new brand or product probably needs recognitions from them, otherwise poor sales arise. Therefore, the higher the exposures of advertising advance to gain consumers’ attention. On the other hand, the well use of five sensory techniques in the advertising can easier imprint in their mind. When a firm is modifying a product or service (positive improvement or negative change) that either willing or unwilling to let a customer in perceiving the difference, the differential threshold will be considered to be more important. Because differential threshold measure the intensity difference needed between two stimuli before people can perceive, the intensity modify of a product that cause the customer percept or not is what marketers’ concern. For instance, marketers want to know to what degree of a price cut or a bigger meal can be percept by customers, and thus affect their motivation to consume more. On the other hand, marketers want to know to what degree of raise in price or a smaller meal that can’t be precept by customers, or else it will increase the customer’s cost risk and decrease his or her motivation in purchasing. When taking in the consideration in such a negative change, it reminds me with one of my personal experience. As I am a fan of Coca-Cola, I used to drink at least three cans a week and I would save those cans up on my own desk in order to bring those cans for recycling once a week. One day when I was doing the same practice after washing the can and try to put it to the group of cans on my desk, I found out that the can was smaller than those cans that I bought before, and when I took a look on the volume of the Cola, the drink can was cut to 330 ml from 355 ml which indicates a 7 percent reduction in the size of the can. I was kind of shocking that how come a Coca-Cola fan could not recognize such a change in size. After attending the lecture, I know that there is another dimension of sensory discrimination what is known as the â€Å"just noticeable difference† (JND). Weber’s work was applied to marketing by Miller (1962) which states that a 7 percent change in other sizes of similar products is needed before a change is noticed. This implies and explains what I experienced and how the marketers try to apply this theory in their strategic moves. Absolute Thresholds and Differential Thresholds Thus, the differential threshold is a relative concept. Weber’s law (1834) states the positive relation between the first stimulus and the second stimulus. The greater the initial stimulus, the stronger the additional intensity need for the second stimulus to be perceived as different. Absolute thresholdDifferential threshold Amount of stimulusOne stimulusTwo stimuli MeasurementDistance between stimulus and nothingDistance between two stimuli Compare between absolute threshold and differential threshold, absolute threshold just include one stimulus while differential threshold include two. In measurement, absolute threshold measures the distance between stimulus and nothing while differential threshold measures the distance between two stimuli. As I am a marketing student, therefore, the first thing which comes to my mind when I am trying to start off with this piece of journal is that, do these differences between the two thresholds matter with marketers’ marketing strategies? And after I do some research on the internet and with my personal experience, I am quite sure that it does matter. The importance of two thresholds can be different to marketers under different situations. Absolute thresholdDifferential threshold Advertising ElementsExposure, Size, ColorAdvertising quality PeopleInvolvement, motivation, attention, attitude Concerning advertising elements, absolute threshold focuses on exposure, size, color, etc to attract target customers’ attention while differential threshold focuses on the advertising quality appear to customer in order for them to percept the different between those. These two thresholds are based on different people and are closely related to their involvement, motivation, attention, attitude on the particular good or service. So different people will have different threshold when percept the same object. When a firm launches a new product or a new brand emerges in the market, this is when the absolute threshold is more important to marketers. Because absolute threshold measures the minimum intensity that the customers can percept, as the new brand or product probably needs recognitions from them, otherwise poor sales arise. Therefore, the higher the exposures of advertising advance to gain consumers’ attention. On the other hand, the well use of five sensory techniques in the advertising can easier imprint in their mind. When a firm is modifying a product or service (positive improvement or negative change) that either willing or unwilling to let a customer in perceiving the difference, the differential threshold will be considered to be more important. Because differential threshold measure the intensity difference needed between two stimuli before people can perceive, the intensity modify of a product that cause the customer percept or not is what marketers’ concern. For instance, marketers want to know to what degree of a price cut or a bigger meal can be percept by customers, and thus affect their motivation to consume more. On the other hand, marketers want to know to what degree of raise in price or a smaller meal that can’t be precept by customers, or else it will increase the customer’s cost risk and decrease his or her motivation in purchasing. When taking in the consideration in such a negative change, it reminds me with one of my personal experience. As I am a fan of Coca-Cola, I used to drink at least three cans a week and I would save those cans up on my own desk in order to bring those cans for recycling once a week. One day when I was doing the same practice after washing the can and try to put it to the group of cans on my desk, I found out that the can was smaller than those cans that I bought before, and when I took a look on the volume of the Cola, the drink can was cut to 330 ml from 355 ml which indicates a 7 percent reduction in the size of the can. I was kind of shocking that how come a Coca-Cola fan could not recognize such a change in size. After attending the lecture, I know that there is another dimension of sensory discrimination what is known as the â€Å"just noticeable difference† (JND). Weber’s work was applied to marketing by Miller (1962) which states that a 7 percent change in other sizes of similar products is needed before a change is noticed. This implies and explains what I experienced and how the marketers try to apply this theory in their strategic moves.

Forensics and security report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensics and security report - Essay Example It is within this background therefore that this particular report intends to provide an analysis on security assessment touching on the processes involved, the key technologies used and the necessity for forensic procedures and policies. With the increased dependence on the computer systems, the risk relating to information security has no doubt joined a range of risks that organizations have to manage (Landoll, 2011). Regardless of the risk type, all risk assessments normally contain the following processes: Defining the Security Domain: This step involves the identification of the major security areas that are deemed vulnerable to security risks or simply the identification of the risk within a chosen domain/field of interest. Risks are often about events ,as a result, their identification can begin with finding out their sources, which may be either internal or external Identifying Assets: This stage involves identifying as well as determining the value, sensitivity, as well as the criticality of not only the assets but also the operations that may be affected if a given threat occursto ascertain the operations and even assets that are most significant. The step often involves classifying that which is significant or of value to the organization including the tangible assets such as the data processing machines/equipment, buildings and employees, as well as the intangible assets, which may include the intellectual property Identifying threats: This step involves detecting threats deemed to harm and, therefore, seriously affect not only the critical operations but assets as well. The threats may include things such as disgruntled employees, intruders, terrorists, criminals and even natural disasters. Identifying Vulnerabilities: This entails identifying and estimating the probability that given threats may materialize by relying on past information as well as judgment of well-informed experts. This often calls for a

Community college budget cut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Community college budget cut - Research Paper Example Other than reducing student enrollment, some institutions have been forced to limit the number of programs they are offering due to the budget cuts. Laying-off of workers has been reported in some institutions because the institution can no longer sustain them. This phenomenon is evident in states that fund their institutions of higher learning. The paper will explore community college and state university budget cut, and how this political issue will affect the government and the people of the United States, now and in the future. In her article, â€Å"State Colleges Forced to Limit Programs,† Laurie Beth Harris asserts that the state colleges will be forced to limit their programs due to the budget cuts. The author begins by stating that the demand for jobs in the fields of health care and engineering has continued to expand. However, states such as Texas, Florida, and New York have abolished programs at the public universities in subjects like engineering and computer science. The elimination of these programs is attributed to the budget cuts. Apart from elimination of the entire programs, the schools have been incapable of expanding popular programs to meet the demand of the students. For instance, in Raleigh North Carolina, Wake Technical Community College has seen its enrolment expand by approximately 30% in the previous three years and at the same time getting budget cuts from the state of approximately 21% (Harris 1). The community college is popular for its nursing program, which is limited to 275 students; however, there are close to 1000 individuals waiting to be enrolled into the program. This has forced Wake Tech to develop a waiting list for the nursing program. While some students are waiting to be enrolled into the nursing program, others are positioned in a prenursing program. With the limited spots (275 individuals) for the nursing program, stakes

Counterargument of an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Counterargument of an - Essay Example It is not the advertising that attracts and influences the individual but the contents included in the advertisement. Â  A company’s main aim may not be to sell their products or services alone because there are other important objectives of advertising such as advertising the company itself and introducing the new product in market. Company’s main objective varies from time to time and is considered necessary when it serves the purpose it is intended. However, the most important thing is to reach the target market as much as possible but not all people. Advertising may be received differently by consumers depending on whoever does the advertising and the contents of advertising. Consumers are different depending on the target market and therefore advertising is not bound to have similar effect on most consumers as alleged. Company’s main objectives cannot be targeting children alone since it depends entirely on what the company deals in. There is no way a company dealing in electronics would want to target kids since kids do not even have the capacity of purchasing the products. Furthermore, if any company targets kids, the kids may change their taste either by intending to experience something new or due to change fashion and